AMPERE-II: Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment-II

地球上的S磁场与来自太阳的带电粒子形成的超音速太阳风相互作用，形成了磁层。磁层是地球S磁场的高空延伸，横跨地球同步卫星绕地球运行的空间区域。我们的磁层对导致地磁风暴的太阳风暴做出了戏剧性的、甚至是激烈的反应，并驱动了引起北极光的电流，并加强了范艾伦辐射带。在地球？S最上层大气和高空磁层之间流动的电流反映了整个地球区域？S空间环境的状态，对它们的测量为我们研究这个系统提供了可能。活动磁层和行星电动力学响应实验(Ampere)是有史以来第一个提供这些中心电流及其动力学的连续、全球测量的系统，当地球-S磁层对太阳风暴做出反应时。安培通过收集所有Iridium卫星的磁场数据，每20秒对每颗卫星的磁场采样一次来测量这些电流。Iridium星座中有66颗卫星，Ampere全天候从每一颗卫星上获取数据。有了安培，我们现在有了一个系统，可以全天候连续提供近地空间正在发生的事情的图像，就像天气雷达跟踪天气锋面和主要风暴系统的实际进展一样。Iridium是一个私营部门的卫星星座，归Iridium Communications所有。Ampere是商业部门和研究科学家之间的第一个此类合作伙伴关系，以实现政府单靠自己无法完成的事情。这项成果在安培二号卫星下的扩展将产生第一个观察近地空间电动力学的能力，并提供解决地磁风暴所需的全球持续覆盖范围。它使科学界能够在磁层和电离层科学的一系列挑战中取得重大进展。安培-II将充分利用这些新数据的潜力来改变我们对地球的理解？S与近空间的互动，并提高我们应对太阳风暴影响的能力。电力是几乎所有其他基础设施和服务所依赖的基石技术。然而，它特别容易受到不利的空间天气影响。保护国家？S电网免受空间天气的潜在灾难性影响越来越被认为是确保现代社会可持续发展的关键因素。地磁风暴期间电网中感应的电流实际上会熔化大多数配电系统核心的变压器的铜绕组。更换故障变压器可能需要几周或几个月的时间。杂乱无章的电力线就像天线一样，吸收电流，将问题扩散到大片区域。准确理解和可靠预测造成这种空间天气效应的地球电流？S磁层和电离层至关重要。如果公用事业运营商知道地磁风暴即将到来，情况会有多严重？S，他们可以采取措施减少损害-例如，断开电线，屏蔽易受攻击的电子设备，或关闭关键硬件。几个小时的停电总比几周甚至更糟要好。安培数据仍然是观测通过电流输入电离层的能量的唯一全球连续来源，这对于改进对电网构成潜在危险的电离层电流系统的规格和预测至关重要。这使得安培项目成为我们抵御这种潜在的太空天气危害的第一道防线的关键组成部分。安培二号卫星将提供地磁暴和亚暴内全球伯克兰电流在时间尺度上的关键观测和派生产品以及分析工具，以使更广泛的社区能够和便利进行研究，以便在关于磁层和电离层耦合和动力学的重要科学问题上取得重大进展，包括：M-I系统如何对日冕物质抛射系统的等离子体和磁场驱动作出反应？M-I系统对太阳风高速流的反应是什么？活动开始和电动力学重构的阶段和顺序是什么？关于潜在的治理过程，它们告诉了我们什么？辐射带动力学和高空磁场重联如何与全球电动力学相关并受其支配？高纬度电动力强迫对热层和电离层的影响是什么？为了最大限度地利用安培-II，该项目将开展一系列参与活动，包括：成立安培用户组，作为更新、问题、请求和讨论的公开论坛；建立安培核心用户团队，作为建议/审查新产品、验证分析和组织研讨会的顾问团队；主办一系列科学迷你研讨会，进行重点协作的科学讨论，以及预期为学生科学调查和教程的2.5天活动的学生研讨会。

The Earth?s magnetic field interacts with the supersonic solar wind of charged particles from the Sun to create the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere is the high altitude extension of Earth?s magnetic field, and spans the region of space where the geosynchronous satellites orbit the Earth. Our magnetosphere responds dramatically, even violently, to solar storms resulting in geomagnetic storms and drives the electric currents that cause aurora borealis and intensify the Van Allen radiation belts. The electric currents that flow between Earth?s uppermost atmosphere and the high-altitude magnetosphere are a reflection of the state of the entire region of Earth?s space environment and their measurement allows us to study the system. The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) is the first ever system providing continuous, global measurements of these central electric currents and their dynamics as Earth?s magnetosphere responds to solar storms. AMPERE measures these currents by collecting the magnetic field data from all of the Iridium satellites, sampling the field from each satellite once every 20 seconds. There are 66 satellites in the Iridium constellation and AMPERE acquires data around the clock from every single one. With AMPERE we now have a system in place to provide continuous 24/7 pictures of what is really happening to near-Earth space, much like weather radars track the actual progress of weather fronts and major storm systems. Iridium is a private sector constellation of satellites, owned by Iridium Communications. AMPERE is the first-of-its-kind partnership between the commercial sector and research scientists to achieve something that the government could not have accomplished on its own. The expansion of this achievement under AMPERE-II will yield the first capability to observe the electrodynamics of near-Earth space with the global, continuous coverage necessary to resolve geomagnetic storms. It places the scientific community in position to make major advances across a range of challenges in magnetosphere and ionosphere science. AMPERE-II will harness the full potential of these new data to transform our understanding of Earth?s interaction with near-space and increase our ability to cope with the effects of solar storms.Electric power is the cornerstone technology on which virtually all other infrastructures and services depend. Yet it is particularly vulnerable to adverse space weather effects. Protecting the nation?s power grids from the potential catastrophic effects of space weather is increasingly recognized as a critical element of ensuring the sustainability of modern society. Currents induced in the power grid during geomagnetic storms can actually melt the copper windings of transformers at the heart of most power distribution systems. Replacement of failed transformers can take weeks or months. Sprawling power lines act like antennas, picking up the currents and spreading the problem over a wide area. Accurate understanding and reliable prediction of the electric currents in the Earth?s magnetosphere and ionosphere that cause this space weather effect are crucial. If utility operators know a geomagnetic storm is coming and just how bad it?s going to be, they can take measures to reduce damage?e.g., disconnecting wires, shielding vulnerable electronics, or powering down critical hardware. A few hours without power is better than weeks or worse. AMPERE data continues to be the only global, continuous source for observations of the energy input into the ionosphere via electric currents that are critical for developing improved specification and forecasting of the ionospheric current systems that pose a potential hazard to the power grid. This makes the AMPERE project a critical component in our first line of defense against this potential space weather hazard. AMPERE-II will provide key observations and derived products of the global Birkeland currents at timescales within geomagnetic storms and substorms together with analysis tools to enable and facilitate research by the broader community to make major advances on important science questions on magnetosphere and ionosphere coupling and dynamics, including: How does the M-I system respond to driving by plasma and magnetic fields of CMEs? What is the M-I system response to solar wind high-speed streams? What are the stages and sequences of activity onset and electrodynamic reconfigurations? What do they tell us about underlying governing processes? How are radiation belt dynamics and high-altitude magnetic reconnection related to and governed by global electrodynamics? What are the consequences of high-latitude electrodynamic forcing for the thermosphere and ionosphere? To maximize the use of AMPERE-II by the research community, the project will carry out a number of engagement activities, including: Forming an AMPERE Users Group as an open forum for updates, questions, requests, and discussion; Establishing an AMPERE Core Users Team as an advisory team to recommend/review new products, validation analyses, and organize workshops; Hosting a series of Science Mini-workshops for focused collaborative science discussion as well as Student Workshops envisioned as 2.5 day events of student science investigations and tutorials.