Collaborative Research: Integration Of Urban And Rural Population

目前实际关注的一个问题是如何在发展中国家实现城乡社会部门之间的一体化。一个国家要有效运作，就必须存在有效的社会、经济和政治联系机制。该项目的中心目标是研究这样一个城乡体系是如何形成的。考古学与这种研究特别相关，因为它允许在较长时间内追踪过程。本研究的根本目的是为了更好地理解低密度城市化现象。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，Lauren Ristvet博士（宾夕法尼亚大学）、Hilary Gopnik博士（埃默里大学）、Emily Hammer博士（芝加哥大学）和他们的同事将调查一个大型的、分散的定居点（约490公顷），该定居点可追溯到铁器时代中期（MIA，约公元前800-600年），围绕着o - lang qala要塞遗址。研究阿塞拜疆Naxçývan的地方社区与堡垒型政策之间的关系，可以为高密度城市的城市主义模式提供另一种选择。鉴于目前对低密度城市主义（“蔓延”）的关注，对这一现象的调查对于解决城市形式和可持续性的长期问题至关重要。这个项目有可能改变当前关于低密度城市化、牧民在政治复杂性中的作用和堡垒政治的争论。这个难得的机会将仔细挖掘一座堡垒所收集的数据与相关定居点的挖掘和调查所得的证据进行比较，将把对城市化的讨论从规模和密度的考虑转移到对具体经济和社会战略如何塑造独特政治形式的评估上。所考虑的广泛证据将有助于我们理解当地社区在与主导力量的关系中定位自己的无数方式。之前在o - lanqala的工作已经重塑了对MIA的学术理解，通过揭示一个具有乌拉蒂亚-当地混合文化组合的堡垒，导致了对该地区皇权本质的重新评估。三年的进一步研究将通过对这座堡垒周围聚落的调查和挖掘，阐明铁器时代南高加索地区城市化的本质。研究人员将评估四种聚落动态模型，这些模型考虑了人口密度、空间分割、规划、防御工事投资、经济一体化和流动性等社会变量的交集。行人调查和磁力计将分析聚落布局、密度和土地利用模式，以确定聚落如何与其腹地相互作用。横向挖掘将研究活动模式，以评估家庭、生存追求和政治权威之间的关系。三位新兴学者将合作对考古植物、动物和人类遗骸进行稳定同位素分析，为农牧实践、人类和动物流动、职业季节性和食物供应提供见解。最后，陶瓷的风格、岩石学和化学分析将揭示堡垒和定居点之间的生产和交流。所有数据集将被整合到一个专门为该项目开发的3D GIS记录系统中，该系统可用于未来一系列学科的研究。

A question of current practical concern is how in developing countries integration is achieved between urban and rural sectors of society. For a state to function effectively, mechanisms for efficient social, economic and political linkage must exist. The central goal of this project is to examine how such an urban-rural system emerged. Archaeology is particularly relevant for such a study because it permits processes to be traced over extended periods of time. The fundamental goal of this research is to better understand the phenomenon of low-density urbanism. With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Lauren Ristvet (University of Pennsylvania), Dr. Hilary Gopnik (Emory University), Dr. Emily Hammer (University of Chicago), and their colleagues will investigate a large, dispersed settlement (ca. 490 ha) dating to the Middle Iron Age (MIA, ca. 800-600 BC) that surrounded the fortress site of Oðlanqala. Researching the relationships between local communities and fortress-based polities in Naxçývan, Azerbaijan can provide an alternative to models of urbanism that focus on high-density cities. Given current concerns about low density urbanism ("sprawl") an investigation of this phenomenon is critical to addressing long term questions of urban form and sustainability. This project has the potential to transform current debates on low-density urbanism, the role of pastoralists in political complexity, and fortress-based polities. The rare opportunity to compare data collected from the careful excavation of a fortress with evidence from excavation and survey of an associated settlement will move the discussion of urbanism from considerations of size and density to an evaluation of how specific economic and social strategies shaped unique political forms. The broad range of evidence considered will contribute to our understanding of the myriad ways that local communities position themselves in relation to dominant powersPrevious work at Oðlanqala has recast scholarly understanding of the MIA, by revealing a fortress with a hybrid Urartian-local cultural assemblage that led to a reevaluation of the nature of imperial power in the region. Three years of further research will clarify the nature of urbanism in the Iron Age South Caucasus through survey and excavation of the settlement surrounding this fortress. Researchers will evaluate four models of settlement dynamics that consider the intersection of social variables including population density, spatial segmentation, planning, investment in fortifications, economic integration, and mobility. A pedestrian survey and magnetometry will analyze settlement layout, density, and land-use patterns to determine how the settlement interacted with its hinterland. Horizontal excavation will study the patterning of activities to evaluate the relationship between households, subsistence pursuits, and political authority. Three emerging scholars will collaborate on stable isotope analysis of the archaeobotanical, faunal, and human remains recovered from excavation, providing insights into agropastoral practices, human and animal mobility, seasonality of occupation, and food provisioning. Finally, stylistic, petrographic, and chemical analyses of ceramics will shed light on production and exchange between the fortress and the settlement. All datasets will be integrated into a 3D GIS recording system being developed specifically for this project, which can be used for future research in a range of disciplines.