The project investigates the activity, impact and identify of independent warlords in the Ukraine during the Russian Civil War, 1917-1921

申请扩展的目的是让我能够探索更多的团体，这些团体是我在项目期间开发的军阀主义扩展概念所涵盖的。最初，我使用军阀只是作为乌克兰语“otamanshchyna”（奥塔曼政权）的英文翻译。然而，档案文件显示，这种一直与乌克兰政府未能控制隶属于它的军事指挥官联系在一起的现象，反映了布尔什维克面临的类似问题：partizanshchina（英文，通常翻译为“游击主义”）。布尔什维克用这个词指的是当地创建的叛乱部队，他们试图将其纳入红军，但拒绝中央控制。最重要的是，这意味着有必要进一步研究被认为是无政府主义者的内斯托尔·马赫诺（Nestor Makhno）的活动，他从1917年开始活跃在乌克兰东南部，对布尔什维克来说，他是中国游击队的化身。由于马赫诺与民族主义军阀之间的明显差异，而且马赫诺的活动已经产生了足够的材料，可以单独写一本关于他的专著，因此最初的提议没有确定马赫诺是否会被纳入研究范围。此外，我将关注与马赫诺有关的较小的乐队，他们像他一样，在反对和与布尔什维克合作之间摇摆不定。我将使用档案中已经收集到的材料来进行这项研究。不包括马赫诺和其他中国游击队的例子，对乌克兰军阀主义的描述将是不完整的。这意味着要研究马赫诺和他的盟友对乌克兰内战进程的影响，同时还要分析他们在动员支持、识别敌人和保持内部团结方面所扮演的角色。在这里，我将探讨以下假设：(1)对于那些自称为无政府主义者的军阀来说，民族主义和哥萨克人远不如属于国际革命运动的形象重要；假定的无政府主义者的敌人不是由种族而是由阶级来定义的。

The objective of the application for an extension is to allow me to explore more the groups covered by the expanded concept of warlordism that I developed during the project. Initially, I used warlordism simply as an English translation of the Ukrainian word "otamanshchyna" (the regime of the otamans). However, the archival documents revealed that the phenomenon, which has always been associated with the Ukrainian state's failure to control the military commanders affiliated with it, mirrored a similar problem faced by the Bolsheviks: partizanshchina (in English, often translated as "guerrilla-ism"). The Bolsheviks used this word to refer to locally created insurgent units that they sought to incorporate into the Red Army, yet resisted central control. Above all, this means that is necessary to study further the activity of the putative anarchist Nestor Makhno, who was active in the south-eastern Ukraine from 1917 and, for the Bolsheviks, was the personification of partizanshchina. The original proposal had left open whether Makhno would be included in the study due to the apparent differences between him and the nationalist warlords and the fact that Makhno's activity had produced enough material for a monograph on him alone. In addition, I will look at the smaller bands associated with Makhno, who like him moved between opposition to and cooperation with the Bolsheviks. I will conduct this research using materials already collected in the archives. Without including Makhno and other examples of partizanshchina, an account of warlordism in the Ukraine would be incomplete.This means examining the impact Makhno and his allies had on the course of the Civil War in the Ukraine while also analysing the personae they projected to mobilise support, identify enemies and maintain internal coherence in the bands. Here, I will explore the following hypotheses: (1) that nationalism and Cossack personae were far less important to those warlords who presented themselves as anarchists than the image of belonging to an international revolutionary movement; (2) that the enemies of the putative anarchists were defined less by ethnicity and more by class.