Strategies for Leading Classroom Discussions Aimed at Core Ideas and Scientific Modeling Practices

下一代科学标准(NGSS)为学生设定了学习科学模型的目标，将其作为学科的核心思想，以及科学推理实践和交叉思想。鉴于国家标准的这些进步，教育工作者现在要求提供关于以下方面的细节：(A)教授核心学科思想的战略；(B)如何教授科学思维实践的组成部分；以及(C)如何将这些实践与核心思想的教学相结合。本项目将使用视频案例研究来确定模范教师在引导课堂讨论实现这些目标时所使用的关键策略。该项目将研究高中机械和电学以及中学生命科学领域的教师，旨在开发使我们能够描述关键讨论引导策略的结构和语言。对这些策略的清楚描述将通过一个网站向教师传播，该网站将讨论建立模型的策略作为核心思想，并附以真实的课堂例子。为了组织战略，该项目还将把课堂案例研究的结果与科学家思维过程研究的结果结合起来，为科学中基于模型的学习和教学开发一个综合的理论框架。该理论框架将为教师教育工作者和课程开发者组织教学、整合研究成果和排序策略提供指导。该框架将从NGSS建模标准中的实践开始，并通过在四个不同的时间尺度水平上确定较小的实践和支持教学策略来增加细节--从5秒参与心理模拟，到使用几分钟长的建设性推理过程，到大约10分钟到几个小时的较大建模周期，到可以持续15分钟到几天的模型构建模式。理论框架的简化版本将提供一种方法，以有组织的方式向教师介绍策略，一次一个级别。探索研究K-12计划(DRK-12)旨在通过研究和开发创新资源、模型和工具(RMT)，显著提高K-12学龄前学生和教师在科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)方面的学习和教学。DRK-12计划中的项目建立在STEM教育的基础研究和先前的研究和开发努力的基础上，这些研究和开发工作为拟议的项目提供了理论和经验证明。

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) have set goals for students to learn scientific models as disciplinary core ideas in addition to scientific reasoning practices and cross cutting ideas. Given these advances in national standards, educators are now asking for details about: (a) strategies for teaching the core disciplinary ideas; (b) how to teach the components of scientific thinking practices; and (c) how to integrate those practices with the teaching of core ideas. This project will use video case studies to identify key strategies used by exemplary teachers to guide class discussions toward these goals. The project will study teachers in the areas of high school mechanics and electricity, and middle school life sciences, and is designed to develop the constructs and language that will enable us to describe key discussion leading strategies. Clarified descriptions of the strategies will be disseminated to teachers via a website on discussion leading strategies for building models as core ideas, and accompanied by real classroom examples. In order to organize the strategies, the project will also combine the results of the classroom case studies with findings from studies of thinking processes in scientists to develop an integrated theoretical framework for model based learning and teaching in science. The theoretical framework will serve as a guide for organizing instruction, integrating research findings, and sequencing strategies for teacher educators and curriculum developers. The framework will start from practices in the NGSS standards for modeling and add detail by identifying smaller practices and supporting teaching strategies at four different time scale levels--from 5-second engagements with mental simulations, to the use of minutes-long constructive reasoning processes, to larger modeling cycles lasting roughly 10 minutes to hours, to model construction modes that can last 15 minutes to days. A simplified version of the theoretical framework will give a way to introduce teachers to strategies in an organized manner, one level at a time. The Discovery Research K-12 program (DRK-12) seeks to significantly enhance the learning and teaching of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) by preK-12 students and teachers, through research and development of innovative resources, models and tools (RMTs). Projects in the DRK-12 program build on fundamental research in STEM education and prior research and development efforts that provide theoretical and empirical justification for proposed projects.