UNS: Localized Distributed Power Generation: Economically Robust, Demand-Optimized Placement of Urban Energy Production Systems

1512740Pardyjak， Eric More美国城市正在考虑采用各种分布式发电策略，以最大限度地减少传输损耗，减少排放，提高整体能源系统的弹性。虽然对个别发电技术有大量了解，但对这些技术对城市环境的具体地点影响了解较少。为了解决这个问题，该项目将开发一个集成的建筑模拟和优化框架，以研究城市中分布式发电装置与建筑环境之间的相互作用。该框架将用于理解与真实城市中不断变化的供需混合相关联的反馈机制。具体而言，将了解城市基础设施和微气候如何影响能源需求，以及简单的当地发电系统如何有效和经济地满足这些需求。重点将放在两种常用且技术成熟的原动机上，即太阳能光伏阵列和天然气涡轮发电机组。代表一系列气候类型和平均电价的四个美国城市将被用作测试该系统的案例研究：亚特兰大、明尼阿波利斯、凤凰城和盐湖城。我们迫切需要了解需求调节城市形式选择与分布式发电机会之间复杂的相互作用和权衡。本研究的假设是，分布式发电和微尺度建筑需求减少策略的特定地点最佳组合存在，可以最大限度地减少内部和外部成本，从而实现更可持续的城市。以前使用QUIC-EnvSim软件包的工作已经证明了在计算城市环境中的能量和质量通量时，将建筑环境与当地自然环境一起考虑的重要性。同样，满足建筑物的能源需求应取决于对建筑物环境和邻近建筑物的考虑。EnergyPlus是一个众所周知的工具，能够执行详细的单个建筑模拟，可从美国能源部获得。在这个项目中，这两个模拟包将以这样一种方式动态耦合，即在EnergyPlus中进行的建筑模拟将使用QUIC- envsim环境数据，而EnergyPlus的建筑性能计算将为QUIC模拟提供信息。耦合系统将集成在一个决策框架内，以便对特定地点的分布式发电的最佳混合进行假设检验。这些模拟工具将在多标准决策环境中开发，旨在帮助城市规划者、工程师和建筑师以与分布式发电能力最佳结合的方式设计建筑物和周围景观。通过研讨会，涉众的输入将直接集成到项目中，从而实现与从业者的更流畅的集成。从该项目中获得的了解将指导公用事业公司和公用事业规划者制定扩大城市地区发电的计划，同时减少与额外中央发电能力相关的投资风险。此外，从该项目中获得的知识将帮助社区和开发商在现有建筑群中部署分布式发电，为电力消费者提供经济效益。城市和场景的模拟数据结果将以档案形式提供给研究人员，修改后的EnergyPlus-QUIC-EnvSim模型将根据要求发布，以及定制发电包和开发和合并其他类型DG的说明。该项目将通过直接参与项目为研究生提供工程学、计算机科学、经济学、城市规划和能源政策方面的跨学科培训，并通过将开发的新能源系统课程更广泛地为工科学生提供培训。还将针对代表性不足的群体制定一项夏季外展计划。

1512740Pardyjak, Eric More American cities are considering adopting various distributed power generation strategies to minimize transmission losses, reduce emissions and increase overall energy system resilience. While substantial knowledge exists on individual generation technologies, less is understood regarding the place-specific impacts of these technologies on the urban environment. To address this, this project will develop an integrated building simulation and optimization framework to study the interaction between distributed power generation installations and the built environment in cities. The framework will be used to understand feedback mechanism associated with changing supply and demand mixtures in real cities. Specifically, an understanding will be gained on how urban infrastructure and microclimate affect energy demands and how effectively and economically a simple local generation system can meet those demands. The focus will be on two commonly used and technologically mature prime movers, solar photovoltaic arrays and natural gas turbine-generator sets. Four U.S. cities, representing a range of climate types and average electricity prices, will be used as case studies to test the system: Atlanta, Minneapolis, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City. There is a critical need to understand the complex interactions and tradeoffs between demand moderating urban form options, and distributed power generation opportunities. The hypothesis of this research is that a site-specific optimal mix of distributed power generation and microscale building demand reduction strategies exists that can minimize both internal and external costs resulting in more sustainable cities. Previous work using the QUIC-EnvSim package has demonstrated the importance of considering the built environment together with its local, natural environment for calculating energy and mass fluxes in the urban environment. Similarly, meeting the energy demands of a building should depend on consideration of the building's environment and neighboring buildings. EnergyPlus is a well known tool capable of performing detailed individual building simulations, available from the DOE. In this project, the two simulation packages will be dynamically coupled in such a way that building simulations conducted in EnergyPlus will use QUIC-EnvSim environmental data, and building performance calculations from EnergyPlus will inform the QUIC simulations. The coupled system will be integrated within a decision making framework to enable hypothesis testing regarding site-specific optimal mixes of distributed power generation. These simulation tools will be developed in a Multi-criteria Decision Making environment designed to aid urban planners, engineers and architects in designing buildings and surrounding landscaping in ways that integrate best with distributed generation capacity. Through workshops, stakeholder's input will be directly integrated into the project, enabling a more fluid integration with practitioners. The understanding gained from this project will guide utility companies and public utility planners in developing plans for expanding power generation in urban areas while reducing the investment risk associated with additional central generation capacity. Further, the knowledge gained from this project will help communities and developers in placing distributed power generation within existing groups of buildings in a way that provides an economic benefit to the power consumers. Simulation data results for the cities and scenarios will be made available in an archival form to researchers, and the modified EnergyPlus-QUIC-EnvSim model will be released upon request, along with the custom power generation packages and instructions for developing and incorporating other types of DG. This project will provide interdisciplinary training in engineering, computer science, economics, urban planning, and energy policy for graduate students directly via involvement in the project, as well as more broadly to engineering students through a new Energy Systems course that will be developed. A summer outreach program will also be developed to target underrepresented groups.