Localized and distributed real-time fMRI approaches to facilitate self control in

摘要 实时功能磁共振成像（rt-fMRI）的最新发展使新的行为 成瘾治疗和大脑对治疗反应的同步成像。通过rt-fMRI， 治疗过程可以变得多模式和适应性，其中认知行为干预本身 可以与有反应的大脑共同进化。以一种前所未有的方式，自我控制可以被 由自身神经活动的信号引导为此，我们的建议的广泛目标是 三倍首先，我们将扩展，评估和完善我们现有的rt-fMRI系统的功能（LaConte et 例如，2007年-附录A）。第二，考虑到线索诱导的渴望和认知的渴望之间的深刻差异， 控制的开始，维持和停止物质滥用，我们应用rt-fMRI减少神经元 与渴望相关的激活，并增加与认知控制相关的神经激活。三是 将评估实施rt-fMRI神经反馈的可行性和有效性， 寻求治疗的物质使用者的禁欲。 因此，我们的应用程序的首要目标是使用与渴望相关的神经行为状态， 认知控制，以开发可由物质有效调制的最佳神经反馈信号 帮助施虐者进行自我控制。我们希望，实现这一申请的目标将导致技术和 治疗创新将在随后的全面研究中进一步追求。 R21阶段（第1年和第2年）的具体目标将对相对优势进行评估 局部和分布式rt-fMRI方法和定量结果，以及个人如何能够调节 使用认知控制和缓解渴望策略的fMRI-计算机接口。因此，我们的目标是： 1.扩展和完善我们现有的实时功能磁共振成像反馈系统的功能。 2.在实时环境中调制线索诱导的渴望和认知控制的神经信号。 R33阶段（第3、4、5年）的具体目标将为R21提供关键的实验控制 研究结果，并将探索方法，结合联合收割机分布式和本地化的方法，以rt-fMRI。我们还将 评估使用基于fMRI的神经反馈促进戒烟治疗的可行性 吸烟者，为未来的大规模研究获得假设生成数据。因此，我们的目标是： 3.改善神经反馈信号，并使用控制任务验证这些信号。 4.试验在寻求治疗的吸烟者中实施神经反馈的可行性和有效性。

ABSTRACT Recent developments in real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) enable novel behavioral therapies for addiction and the simultaneous imaging of the brain's response to treatment. With rt-fMRI, the therapeutic process can become multi-modal and adaptive, wherein a cognitive behavioral intervention itself can co-evolve with a responding brain. In a manner that has never before been possible, self-control can be guided by signals from one's own neural activity. Toward this end, the broad goals of our proposal are threefold. First, we will expand, evaluate, and refine the capabilities of our existing rt-fMRI system (LaConte et al., 2007 - Appendix A). Second, given the profound differential roles of cue-induced craving and cognitive control on the initiation, maintenance, and cessation of substance abuse, we apply rt-fMRI to decrease neural activations associated with craving and increase neural activations associated with cognitive control. Third, we will assess the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing rt-fMRI neurofeedback to aid in maintaining abstinence in treatment-seeking substance users. Thus, the overarching goal of our application is to use neurobehavioral states associated with craving and cognitive control to develop an optimal neurofeedback signal that can be efficiently modulated by substance abusers to facilitate self-control. We expect that achieving the aims of this application will lead to technical and therapeutic innovations to be further pursued in subsequent full-scale studies. The Specific Aims for the R21 phase (years 1 and 2) will provide an assessment of the relative advantages of localized and distributed rt-fMRI methods and quantitative results on how well individuals can modulate fMRI-computer interfaces using cognitive control and craving alleviation strategies. Thus we aim to: 1. Expand and refine the capabilities of our existing real-time fMRI feedback system. 2. Modulate neural signals of cue-induced craving and cognitive control in the real-time environment. The Specific Aims for the R33 phase (years 3, 4, 5) will provide critical experimental controls to the R21 findings and will explore methods to combine distributed and localized approaches to rt-fMRI. We will also assess the feasibility of using fMRI-based neurofeedback to facilitate smoking cessation in treatment-seeking smokers, obtaining hypothesis-generating data for future large-scale studies. Thus we aim to: 3. Improve neurofeedback signals and validate these signals using control tasks. 4. Pilot the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing neurofeedback in treatment-seeking smokers.