Migration And Its Effect On The Maintenance Of Complex Societies

明尼苏达州立大学曼卡托分校的J·希思安德森博士和他在佛罗里达州立大学、路德学院和墨西哥国家人类学和历史研究所的合作者团队正在进行考古研究，以调查移民在国家和帝国等复杂社会的崩溃和再生中所扮演的角色。 考古学研究人类行为的环境，经济，社会和意识形态方面的广泛范围，时间尺度远远大于几代人。 因此，它对于产生有关过去文明的可靠知识特别有用，这些知识有助于将美国公民在公共话语和民主进程中所面临的当今问题置于背景之中。 本项目调查的问题，人们如何互动的一些条件下都太熟悉的今天，如：如何进入移民人口谈判的生态和经济资源的使用？ 在这一过程中形成了什么样的社会和种族差异？ 人们如何克服这些分歧，形成一个有凝聚力的政府？ 在调查这些问题的过程中，该项目还建立和保持国家和国际合作关系，为本科生和研究生提供培训，保护面临破坏威胁的古代遗迹，并让当地居民参与调查和保护具有全球意义的文化遗产。 项目成果以多种方式与公众分享，包括将其融入本科和研究生课程，在同行评议的期刊上发表，创建可公开访问的在线数据库，以及以流行的印刷和在线格式的讲座和文章的形式向公众宣传。安德森博士和他的研究团队承担了地形测绘，考古发掘，和分析文物和人类遗骸，以解决与移民和社区之间的互动有关的研究问题。 具体而言，该项目涉及人类学中与区分思想运动和人口迁移的困难有关的广泛问题。 这项研究是在位于墨西哥中部的图拉地区进行的，该地区曾被并入中美洲的第一个帝国，直到公元前1000年崩溃。公元550年。 四个世纪后，它成为托尔特克国家权力所在地的复杂社会再生的中心。 四个世纪导致这一再生是本项目的重点，当新的人口开始居住在该地区。 通过分析人骨中的同位素，陶瓷和石器中的微量元素，以及烹饪，图像，建筑方法和陶瓷容器的制造等文化细节，研究小组可以区分思想的运动和人的运动。 这对于说明人口流动的规模以及这些新来人口的社会和经济联系及族裔特性至关重要。 最重要的是，该项目调查了这些关系如何改变，以焊接自治社区成为一个有凝聚力的政府在托尔特克国家的形式。

Dr. J. Heath Anderson, of the Minnesota State University - Mankato, and his team of collaborators at Florida State University, Luther College, and the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia of Mexico, are conducting archaeological research to investigate the role immigration played in the collapse and regeneration of complex societies such as states and empires. Archaeology investigates a broad range of environmental, economic, social, and ideological dimensions of human behavior at time scales much greater than several generations. As such, it is particularly useful for producing reliable knowledge about past civilizations that serves to contextualize the present-day problems U.S. citizens confront in their roles as participants in public discourse and the democratic process. The present project investigates questions regarding how people interact under a number of conditions all too familiar to the present day, such as: How do incoming immigrant populations negotiate the use of ecological and economic resources? What kinds of social and ethnic differences form as a result of this process? How do people overcome those differences to form a cohesive government? In the course of investigating these questions, the project also builds and maintains national and international collaborative relationships, provide training for undergraduate and graduate students, safeguard ancient remains under threat of destruction, and involve local populations in the investigation and preservation of cultural patrimony that has global significance. Project results are shared with the public in several ways, including their integration into undergraduate and graduate coursework, publication in peer-reviewed journals, creation of publicly accessible online database, and public outreach in the form of lectures and articles in popular print and online formats.Dr. Anderson and his research team undertake a program of topographic mapping, archaeological excavation, and analysis of artifacts and human remains to address research questions related to migration and interaction between communities. Specifically, the project addresses broad questions of general relevance in anthropology related to the difficulties in distinguishing between movement of ideas and the migration of populations. The research is conducted in the Tula Region, located in central Mexico, which was incorporated into Mesoamerica's first empire until its collapse ca. AD 550. After four centuries, it became the epicenter of regeneration of complex society as the seat of power for the Toltec state. The four centuries leading up to this regeneration are the focus of the present project, when new populations began to inhabit the region. By analyzing isotopes in human bone, trace elements in ceramic and lithic artifacts, and cultural details such as cuisine, iconography, construction methods, and the manufacture of ceramic vessels, the research team can distinguish between the movement of ideas and the movement of people. This is vital in order to illuminate the magnitude of population movement and the social and economic ties and ethnic identities of these incoming populations. Most crucially, the project investigates how these relationships changed in order to weld autonomous communities into a cohesive government in the form of the Toltec state.