Synchronic, Diachronic and Typological Description of Máku

这个项目的目标是：(1)对巴西北部和委内瑞拉南部亚马逊地区的一种已灭绝的语言Máku（又名Máko）进行描述，包括对音韵学和形态语法的全面概述；(2)根据这种语法描述，突出和传播该语言的类型学和理论含义；(3)调查外来词、语言接触以及涉及Máku的远程遗传关系。(4)为学者、语言学家和公众提供持久的数据和文件管理。世界语言多样性目前和预计的丧失影响了我们对语言的科学理解，降低了我们欣赏其他文化和语言的能力。这些后果使得研究Máku迫在眉睫，因为它是一种孤立的语言，没有已知的亲戚，并且严重缺乏文档，描述或分析。这个项目在一个中心位置提供了关于这种灭绝的孤立的所有记录，包括在这种语言中发现的许多不寻常和独特的特征。例如，有人说Máku有一个证据系统，连续动词，直接和遥远的将来以及最近和遥远的过去之间的对比，后缀否定，数字分类器，以及基于主语标记的三种不同的动词类别，无论是前缀，后缀还是中缀（中缀在交叉语言学中很少见），一组人称代词，包括“我们”的四种不同形式，一个不寻常的主动状态动词排列系统，以及/y/的使用。在美洲土著语言中极为罕见的一种前面高而圆的元音。这个项目描述了这些特征，并根据该地区和世界上已知的语言特征进行了调查。在确保获取这一鲜为人知的语言孤立的数据方面，该项目将使语言学和其他依赖语言相关材料的学科（人类学、历史学、生物学、地理学）受益。它也将使对文化多样性感兴趣的一般公众受益，因为它增加了获取具有文化和语言意义的信息的机会。它将有助于语言类型学和语言学理论通过调查在这种语言中发现的不寻常的语言特征，并通过识别和描述在这种语言中也观察到的一系列地域特征接触语言学。该项目的主要研究者是杨百翰大学的Chris Rogers和锡耶纳大学美洲印第安州跨部门研究中心（CISAI）的Raoul Zamponi。

The goals of this project are: (1) to produce a description of Máku (a.k.a. Máko), an extinct language isolate of the Amazon region of northern Brazil and southern Venezuela, including a comprehensive overview of the phonology and morphosyntax, (2) to highlight and disseminate the typological and theoretical implications of the language based on this grammatical description, (3) to investigate loanwords, language contact, and proposed remote genetic relationships involving Máku, and (4) to provide for lasting curation of the data and documentation which is accessible to scholars, linguists, and the general public.The current and projected loss of the world's linguistic diversity affects our scientific understanding about language, and reduces our ability to appreciate other cultures and languages. These consequences make study Máku urgent because it is a language isolate with no known relatives and has a profound lack of documentation, description, or analysis. This project makes available in one central location, everything that has been recorded of this extinct isolate including the many unusual and unique traits found in this language.For example, it has been stated that Máku has an evidentiality system, serial verbs, a contrast between immediate and distant future and between recent and distant past, suffixed negation, numeral classifiers, and three distinct verb classes based on subject markers, whether prefixed, suffixed, or infixed (infixes are rare crosslinguistically), a set of personal pronouns including four distinct forms for "we", an unusual system of active-stative verb alignment, and the use of /y/, a high front rounded vowel which is extremely rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. This project describes these features and investigates them in light of known linguistic characteristics in this area and in the world generally.In ensuring access to the data on this little-known linguistic isolate, this project will benefit both linguistics and other disciplines which depend on language-related material (anthropology, history, biology, geography). It will also benefit the general public interested in cultural diversity, by enhancing accessibility to information of cultural, as well as linguistic, significance. It will contribute to language typology and linguistic theory through the investigation of the unusual linguistic traits found in this language and contact linguistics through the identification and description of a series of areal traits also observed in this language. The main investigators on this project are Chris Rogers of Brigham Young University and Raoul Zamponi of the Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi sull' America Indigena (CISAI) of the University of Siena.