Polar Experiment Network for Geospace Upper-atmosphere Investigatins -- PENGUIn: Interhemispheric Investigations along the 40-degree Magnetic Meridian

近地空间和高层大气(地球空间)是一个复杂的自然系统，可以影响部署在空间和地面上的各种人类技术。为了预测并减轻这种影响，有必要对太阳风与地球磁层和电离层之间的相互作用过程有准确的了解。这些过程主要是在行星的白天开始的，可以在两个半球的高纬度观察到，靠近从高海拔相互作用区映射的地磁力线的电离层交汇处。这种相互作用产生了多种空间和时间尺度上的耦合现象，将太阳风能和动量通过磁层向下传递到电离层和高层大气。发展我们对这些相互作用过程以及它们如何耦合到两极电离层的理解，对于开发能够描述和预测“空间天气”扰动的物理模型很重要？最近通过的国家空间气象战略的一个主要目标。到目前为止，由于缺乏足够的数据来调查过程和验证全球模型，特别是在南半球，这一目标一直受到阻碍。该奖项将通过操作和使用在南极冰盖战略性部署的新一代自主仪器平台的数据来克服上述问题。这项研究将继续研究太阳风与地球磁层相互作用所涉及的各种物理机制，以更好地了解整个地球空间系统内的多尺度、全球和半球间的电动力耦合。这些调查的重要方面包括沿南极东部40度地磁子午线部署的一系列新的自主低功率地面仪器的运作。这些地磁站与丹麦科学家支持的格陵兰西海岸长期运行的磁力仪链在地磁上是共轭的。这些半球间的联系对于解释磁层顶内和附近的卫星观测(如NASA的THEMIS和MMS任务)以及进一步了解全球地球空间系统的动态至关重要。该项目将雇用青年科学家操作遥远的南极站，以及调查空间天气事件，从而为国家-S科学劳动力的发展做出贡献。使用该项目的数据来验证空间天气模型可以为整个社会带来好处，因为它有助于保护可能受到空间天气影响的各种导航、通信和国防技术。

The near-Earth space and upper atmosphere (Geospace) is a complex natural system that can impact various human technologies deployed in space and on the ground. To forecast, and thus mitigate that impact, it is necessary to develop accurate understanding of the interaction processes between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. These processes are mainly initiated on the planet's dayside and can be observed at high latitudes in both hemispheres, near the ionospheric intersection of geomagnetic field lines that map from the high-altitude interaction region. A variety of coupled phenomena at multiple spatial and temporal scales are produced by this interaction that transfer the solar wind energy and momentum through the magnetosphere down to the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. Developing our understanding of these interaction processes and how they couple to both polar ionospheres is important for developing physical models that can describe and predict "space weather" disturbances ? a major goal of the recently adopted National Space Weather Strategy. This goal has been hampered so far by the lack of sufficient data to investigate processes and to validate global models, particularly in the Southern hemisphere.This award will overcome the above problem through the operation and use of data from a new generation of autonomous instrument platforms strategically deployed in the Southern polar cap. This research will continue studies of various physical mechanisms involved in the solar wind interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere for better understanding of the multi-scale, global, and interhemispheric electrodynamic coupling within the entire Geospace system. Important aspects of these investigations include operation of a new chain of autonomous low-power ground-based instruments deployed along the 40-degree geomagnetic meridian in the East Antarctic. These stations are geomagnetically conjugate to the Greenland West Coast chain of long-term-running magnetometers supported by Danish scientists. These interhemispheric connections are crucial for interpretation of satellite observations (such NASA's THEMIS and MMS missions) in and near the magnetopause and for further understanding of the global geospace system's dynamics. The project will employ young scientists in the operation of remote Antarctic stations, as well as investigate space weather events, and, thus, contribute to the development of the nation?s scientific workforce. Use of the project's data to validate space weather models can provide benefit to society as a whole as it aids to protect various navigation, communications, and defense technologies that can be impacted by space weather.