Collaborative Research: The Role of Surplus Production in the Emergence of a Complex Coastal Society

生产过剩往往与社会发展和政治复杂社会的兴起有关。它历来被认为是帮助人们缓冲风险。然而，过去的研究大多集中在农业社会，很少有研究考虑在其他经济体系下如何生产和管理盈余。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，威廉马夸特、维克托汤普森和迈克尔萨瓦雷塞博士将在丘德礁和派恩兰考古遗址进行研究，以调查佛罗里达西南部卡卢萨人的剩余生产所起的作用，卡卢萨人是公元16世纪半岛佛罗里达最强大的群体。卡卢萨国王从超过20人那里收集贡品，000分布在从夏洛特港北方延伸到佛罗里达群岛的50至60个卡卢萨社区。然而，与美国东南部内陆河谷的农民不同，卡卢萨人主要依靠鱼类和贝类来获取蛋白质，他们收集野生植物食物，只使用少量自家花园里的植物。最重要的是，他们不种植玉米，而玉米是东南部许多群体生产过剩和政治复杂性的基础。这个项目的重点是剩余生产和分配在一个复杂的狩猎采集社会。很少有考古学家研究过以采集为生的狩猎者的剩余产量，尤其是那些生活在亚热带地区的人。这项研究将揭示渔业的长期可持续性，这是一个世界范围内相当感兴趣的话题，并解决过度捕捞贝类的潜在影响。该项目还将帮助培养下一代跨学科科学家，包括本科生和研究生。作为研究的一部分，该团队将教授一所实地学校，该学校将涉及来自广泛地理区域的学生。学生将接受研究培训，以及专业方法和传统考古挖掘。该研究将使学生对考古学，地质学和生态学感兴趣，共同解决地球科学中的一个新兴领域：保护古生物学（应用古生物学的理论和分析工具来解决有关生物多样性保护的问题）。该项目还将与佛罗里达公共考古网络以及兰德尔研究中心合作，在整个研究过程中吸引公众参与。具体来说，通过对被认为是鱼类和贝类储存和加工特征的结构进行取芯和考古发掘，研究小组将研究卡卢萨人如何生产和管理大规模的食物盈余，这些食物盈余被认为是维持其庞大人口所必需的。这项工作的目的是发现剩余生产是如何在更大的历史中的卡卢萨，以及这些做法如何结构与欧洲人的互动。这项工作将作为一项比较研究，重点是盈余，储存，社会发展和向农业和畜牧业过渡之间的联系的例子。发展像这样的比较案例研究，将有助于从个人机构和集体行动的角度，分离剩余、储存和社会关系的概念。

Surplus production is often linked to social development and the rise of politically complex societies. It has historically been thought to help people buffer risks. Largely, however, past work has focused on agricultural societies, with fewer studies considering how surpluses were produced and managed under other economic systems. With support from the National Science Foundation, Drs. William Marquardt, Victor Thompson, and Michael Savarese will conduct research at the Mound Key and Pineland archaeological sites to investigate the role of surplus production among the Calusa of southwest Florida, who were the most powerful group in peninsular Florida in the sixteenth century A.D. The Calusa king collected tribute from a population in excess of 20,000 distributed among 50 to 60 Calusa communities extending from the northern reaches of Charlotte Harbor to the Florida Keys. However, unlike the farming people of the interior river valleys of the southeastern U.S., the Calusa relied primarily on fish and shellfish for protein, collecting wild plant foods and using only a handful of plants from home gardens. Most importantly, they did not grow maize, which formed the basis of surplus production and political complexity for many groups across the Southeast. This project focuses on surplus production and distribution in a complex fisher-gatherer-hunter society. Few archaeologists have examined surplus production among fisher-gatherer-hunters, especially those in the sub-tropics. This research will shed light on long-term sustainability of fisheries, a topic of considerable world-wide interest, and address the potential impact of over-harvesting shellfish. The project will also help train the next generation of interdisciplinary scientists, both undergraduate and graduate students. As part of the research, the team will teach a field school that will involve students drawn from a broad geographical region. Students will be trained in research, as well as specialized methods and traditional archaeological excavation. The research will bring students with interests in archaeology, geology, and ecology together to address a burgeoning field in geoscience: conservation paleobiology (applying the theories and analytical tools of paleontology to solving problems concerning the conservation of biodiversity). The project will also partner with the Florida Public Archaeology Network as well as the Randell Research Center to engage the public throughout the research process. Specifically, by means of coring and archaeological excavations in structures thought to be fish and shellfish storage and processing features, the team will examine how the Calusa produced and managed large-scale food surpluses presumed to be necessary to sustain their large populations. This work aims to discover how surplus production was situated within the larger histories of the Calusa, and how these practices structured interactions with Europeans. This work will serve as a comparative study against examples that focus on the links between surplus, storage, social development, and the transition to agriculture and animal husbandry. Development of comparative case studies such as this one will help disengage the concepts of surplus, storage, and social relations in terms of both individual agency and collective action.