Grading at german universities from the 1960 until today. Trends, differences, causes.

成绩是考绩的指标，因此为个人和机构的晋升提供了标志。因此，一个问题就出现了，如果以及哪些超出功绩维度的系统性原因可能会影响成绩。例如，当分数水平不断上升(分数膨胀)时，不同时间的分数不能进行比较。可能影响成绩的许多变量具有不同的时间范围：大学系统组织(例如，公立还是私立)着眼于长远，学术领域的学生过度拥挤与缺乏每隔15-20年就会发生变化，一代教授的任期约为30年，政治因素导致的融资仅持续几年。因此，有必要有长远的眼光。该项目的目的是分析a)自联邦政府成立以来一些大学选定领域的成绩变动情况，以及自1998年以来的全部变动情况；b)这些变动与适当的经济、区域、大学和外地具体指标的关系；c)大学评分标准的适用情况以及与a)和b)结果的关系。鉴于已经供资的两年主要用于数据的汇编和调整，这里提议的第三年应集中分析目前积累的一套扩展资料和以此为基础的下列出版物。

Grades serve as indicators of merit, and provide therefore signs for individual and institutional promotion. Thereby the question emerges, if and which systematic causes beyond the merit dimension may influence grades. When e.g. the level of grades constantly rises (grade inflation), grades at diverse times cannot be compared. The many variables which may influence grades have different time horizons: university system organisation (e.g. public vs. private provision) is long-term oriented, overcrowding vs. lack of students in academic fields changes every 15-20 years, a generation of professors lasts around 30 years, politically induced financing stretches only over a couple of years. Therefore, a long-term perspective is necessary. The aim of the project is the analysis of a) the movement of grades in selected fields at a number of universities since the foundation of the FRG and in full since 1998, b) the context of these movement in relation of appropriate economic, regional, university-specific and field-specific indicators, c) the norms graders at universities apply and the relation to the outcomes of a) and b). Whereas the already financed two years were mostly directed at the compilation and tailoring of the data the here proposed third year shall be concentrating on the analysis of the now accumulated extended set of information and the following publications based on that.