Pilotstudie zur Evolution jungpaläozoischer Insekten im Souss-Becken, Marokko

昆虫生物地层学已被证明是欧洲和北美晚古生代陆相沉积划分和对比最精确的方法之一。该方法是基于蜘蛛科昆虫(蟑螂)翅膀上的颜色模式的时间序列。它们被认为是计时物种，并被用来定义昆虫-生物区。不幸的是，到目前为止，关于古生物学和进化的基本问题仍然完全悬而未决。这些主要涉及欧亚大陆的演化过程、属和种的区域动态(古生物地理学和迁徙模式)，以及脊椎动物的古生态(共生学)，即与整个昆虫动物群和植物区系的关系。在未来一个更大的项目的试点研究中，应该分析摩洛哥Souss盆地1200米厚的异常富含昆虫的石炭纪沉积物是否适合检验关于上述基本问题的下列替代假设：假设1：颜色模式的变化是关于系统进化的连续过程还是单一形式的时跃层的起源/渐变，必须被视为长期生活的生物物种，假设2：整个欧美分布区颜色变化的时间顺序是同步的，还是在不同地区、不同时间出现相似的颜色模式？假设3：到目前为止，苏斯盆地的昆虫只产生了布拉迪斯昆虫，其中主要是旱生的斜纹夜蛾。这是采样偏差，还是挖掘学效应，还是由于低地/高地或沿海/内陆昆虫纲的明显分化所致？在中欧石炭纪和二叠纪盆地，含昆虫的层位仅零星地夹杂在数千米厚的剖面中。根据同位素年龄计算，一层接一层，距今约50万年。在该序列中，带-种表现出明显不同的颜色格局。Souss盆地含昆虫沉积物的厚度为1200米，假设沉积速率为每年2-5毫米，该剖面代表大约250,000-60万年。在剖面的最下面和最上面的部分已经发现了昆虫。湖泊层位的密集序列将允许对脊椎动物进行连续采样。在此基础上，就有可能确定颜色图案随时间变化的方式。总体而言，可以预期对晚古生代昆虫和这里的环境的演化、对演化理论和陆相层序生物地层学的方法论做出重大贡献。

The insect-biostratigraphy has proven as one of the most precise methods for the subdivision and correlation of Late Palaeozoic terrestrial deposits in Europe and Nord America. The method is based on the temporal sequence of colour patterns on the wings of blattid insects (cockroaches), family Spiloblattinidae. They are regarded as chrono-species and used for the definition of the insect-biozones. Unfortunately, basic question regarding the palaeobiology and evolution remain completely open so far. These essentially concern the kind of evolutionary processes, areal dynamics of genera and species in Euramerica (palaeobiogeography and migration pattern) as well as the palecology (synecology) of spiloblattinids, i.e. the relationships to the whole entomofauna and to the flora as well. In this pilot-study of a larger future project the 1,200 m thick profile of unusual insect-rich Carboniferous deposits of the Souss basin in Morocco should be analysed whether it is suitable to test the following alternative hypothesis in regard to the abovementioned basiuc questions:Hypothesis 1: Are the changes in the colour pattern a continuous process in respect of phyletic evolution or anagenesis/gradualism respectively of chronoclines of single forms which must regarded as long living biospecies, or is it alternatively punctualism?Hypothesis 2: Is the chronological sequence of changing colour pattern (controlled by genetic factors) in the whole euramerican distribution area isochronous or appear similar colour pattern in different regions at different times?Hypothesis 3: Collection of insects in the Souss basin has so far delivered solely blattids, among them dominating xeromorphic opsiomylacrids. Is it a sampling bias or is it a taphonomic effect or is it caused by the still pronounced differentiation of lowland/upland or coastal/inland entomofaunas?In the Central European Carboniferous and Permian basins insect-containing horizons are only sporadically intercalated in several thousand meters thick profiles. Calculated on isotopic ages horizons with spiloblattinids follow one another with about 500,000 y to 1 My. In this sequence zone-species show distinctly pronounced different colour pattern. The insect bearing sediments of the Souss basin have a thickness of 1,200 m. Sedimentation rates of 2 to 5 mm per year assumed, this profile represent about 250,000 to 600,000 years. Insects have already been found in the lowermost and uppermost parts of the profile. The dense sequence of lake horizons will allow for continuous sampling of spiloblattinids. Based on that it will be possible, to determine the way of colour pattern changes through time. On the whole, a significant contribution to the evolution of Late Palaeozoic insects and of here environments, to evolution theories and to the methodology of biostratigraphy in terrestrial sequences could be expected.