EARS: Collaborative Research: Automated Enforcement in Spectrum Sharing: Technical Challenges and Policy Considerations

过去25年来对无线通信需求的增加导致出现了一项新的国家优先事项：在不同利益攸关方之间动态共享无线电频谱。拥有不同权限和优先级的用户现在必须协作共享公共资源，而不会相互干扰。确保权利的可靠执法制度是使这些权利有意义并减轻相关风险的一种方式。随着频谱共享成为一种更广泛采用的频谱利用范例，有必要部署一个系统的执法制度，该制度可以在最大程度上实现自动化，以便执法过程可以近乎实时地大规模进行，同时产生合理的财务成本。到目前为止，许多研究和实践都集中在现任者的干扰保护和预防性（即事前）方法上。本研究探讨了改善事前保护、检测干扰事件、识别干扰方以及确定如何使用易于自动化的技术最好地执行和裁决这些事件的方法。静态的事前方法（例如，禁区）不容易适应政策变化，并且具有很高的社会成本。数据库驱动的方法可以更好地响应更改，但需要不断地与无线电连接，并且可能在地理上不是细粒度的。调查人员将开发核心组件，以实现有效的基于政策的频谱访问，从而降低事前执法的社会成本。调查人员还旨在推进技术，使事件发生后的执行自动化，即自动化事后执行。这包括侦查、法医分析和裁决。为了自动检测事件，调查人员将开发一种有效的技术，使用在识别、验证和定位潜在可执行事件方面具有不同角色的移动代理。裁决过程涉及识别不合规的发射机并确保它们符合必要的标准。为此，研究人员建议开发一个发射机识别方案和一个远程认证方案。最后，研究人员将研究事后执法的不同制度策略（即第三方执法、自我执法和合作相互执法），目的是了解每种方法在什么情况下适用于频谱共享。这些办法有望改进事前执法技术，并以一种可用于建立一个全面、有力和具有成本效益的执法系统的方式推进事后执法程序。

The increased demand for wireless communications over the last 25 years has led to the emergence of a new national priority: dynamic sharing of the radio spectrum among different stakeholders. Users with different rights and priorities must now collaborate to share a common resource without interfering with each other. A reliable enforcement regime that ensures rights is a way to make these rights meaningful and mitigate the associated risks. As spectrum sharing becomes a more widely adopted paradigm for utilizing the spectrum, it will become necessary to deploy a systematic enforcement regime that can be automated to the maximum extent possible so that the enforcement processes can occur in near real time and at scale while incurring reasonable financial costs. Much of the research and practice to date has focused on interference protection of the incumbents and on preventative (i.e., ex ante) approaches. This research examines approaches to improving ex ante protections, detecting interference events, identifying the interfering parties, and determining how these events are best enforced and adjudicated using techniques that can be readily automated.Static ex ante approaches (e.g., exclusion zones) are not readily adaptable to policy changes, and have high social costs. Database-driven approaches can be more responsive to changes, but require constant connectivity with radios and may not be geographically fine-grained. The investigators will develop the core components for enabling efficient policy-based spectrum access to reduce the social cost of ex ante enforcement. The investigators also aim to advance techniques to automate the enforcement of events after they occur, i.e., automate ex post enforcement. This involves detection, forensic analysis and adjudication. To automate the detection of events, the investigators will develop an efficient technique that uses mobile agents that have different roles in identifying, verifying and localizing a potentially enforceable event. The adjudication process involves identifying the non-compliant transmitters and ensuring that they comply with the necessary standards. To this end, the investigators propose to develop a transmitter identification scheme and a remote attestation scheme. Finally, the investigators will examine the different institutional strategies for ex post enforcement (i.e., third party enforcement, self-enforcement, and cooperative mutual enforcement) with the goal of understanding under what circumstances each approach would apply to spectrum sharing. These approaches promise to improve ex ante enforcement techniques and to advance ex post enforcement processes in a way that can be used to construct a comprehensive, robust and cost-effective enforcement system.