An Investigation Of Long Term Integrative Mechanisms In A Colonial Context

明尼苏达大学的Steve Kosiba博士和他的同事们将进行跨学科的研究，以了解不同种族的人创建新社区以抵御压迫性政治制度的做法。以前关于这类社区的学术研究主要是研究已经建立的族群的文化弹性，重点关注被奴役或被殖民的民族如何通过保持传统、发展共同的文化符号或参与公共政治行动来忍受社会困境的历史记录。考古学以其独特的能力追踪人们在不同时期使用的材料和空间，为了解不同种族社区的形成和持续提供了重要的新见解。它可以揭示生活在社会胁迫下的人们在面对专制统治时寻求跨越种族界限、形成社会联系和加强自治的更不显眼的做法和隐藏的相互作用。许多这些做法都是隐蔽的，因此它们不包含在统治政权的书面历史或行政文件中。就更广泛的科学影响而言，该项目训练美国学生掌握先进的科学方法，并为南美洲的社会科学、环境和文化遗产研究创造一个永久性的实验室和博物馆空间。Kosiba和研究小组将结合考古学和历史学的方法，研究专制国家的劳动条件，重点是主体劳动者是否以及如何通过策划隐藏的经济来建立社区。该项目的重点是秘鲁库斯科（Cuzco）的鲁米科尔卡（Rumiqolqa），这是一个巨大的劳工殖民地，在那里，来自安第斯山脉各民族的工人被强制迁移，为印加和西班牙帝国政权（公元1450-1650年）采石。初步的考古研究表明，印加和西班牙当局在鲁米科尔卡隔离和限制劳工，但档案研究表明，这些劳工联合起来，建立了一个持续了几个世纪的新社区。这项研究验证了这样一种假设：尽管帝国一直试图限制殖民地内部的互动和文化表达，但这些劳动者以不显眼的方式协调家务和其他生产活动，赋予了一个超越当局视野的社区权力。详细的考古测绘和发掘将记录殖民地的建筑，揭示印加和西班牙政权如何限制劳动者之间的互动。对社区和工作区域的挖掘将揭示劳动者通过集中劳动力、建立秘密贸易网络或共享资源来整合社区的做法。对人类墓葬的档案研究和分析将提供前所未有的关于为印加和西班牙帝国工作的土著安第斯人的种族主张、身体创伤、健康、营养和个人地位的信息。为了将这些类型的证据联系在一起并进行分析，该项目组建了一个数字数据库，通过开发一种跨空间和时间对文物和材料进行系统记录和分析的方法，将有利于考古科学。

Dr. Steve Kosiba, of the University of Minnesota, and colleagues will conduct interdisciplinary research to understand the practices through which people of diverse ethnicities create new communities to withstand oppressive political regimes. Previous scholarship on such communities has studied the cultural resilience of already-established ethnic groups, focusing on historical accounts of how enslaved or colonized peoples endured their social predicament by maintaining traditions, developing common cultural symbols, or participating in public political actions. Archaeology, with its unique ability to trace the materials and spaces people used across time, is well positioned to offer important new insights into the formation and persistence of ethnically diverse communities. It can reveal the more inconspicuous practices and hidden interactions whereby people living under social duress sought to work across ethnic boundaries, form social ties, and bolster their autonomy in the face of authoritarian rule. Many of these practices were meant to be covert, and therefore they are not contained in the written histories or administrative documents of dominant regimes. In terms of broader scientific impacts, the project trains U.S. students in advanced scientific methods, and creates a permanent laboratory and museum space for social science, environmental, and cultural heritage research in South America.Dr. Kosiba and the research team will combine archaeological and historical methods to study labor conditions in an authoritarian state, with emphasis on whether and how subject laborers founded communities by orchestrating a hidden economy. The project focuses on Rumiqolqa, a massive labor colony in Cuzco, Peru where forcibly relocated workers from various Andean ethnicities quarried stone for successive Inca and then Spanish imperial regimes (AD 1450-1650). Preliminary archaeological research indicates that Inca and Spanish authorities segregated and confined laborers at Rumiqolqa, but archival studies demonstrate that these laborers banded together and founded a new community that persisted for centuries. The research tests the hypothesis that, despite persistent imperial attempts to restrict interaction and cultural expression within the colony, these laborers coordinated domestic tasks and other production routines in inconspicuous ways to empower a community that was beyond the view of authorities. Detailed archaeological mapping and excavations will record the architecture of the colony, revealing how Inca and Spanish regimes constrained interactions among laborers. Excavations of neighborhoods and work areas will uncover the practices through which the laborers integrated communities by pooling labor, establishing clandestine trade networks, or sharing resources. Archival studies and analyses of human burials will provide unprecedented information on the ethnic claims, physical trauma, health, nutrition, and individual status of indigenous Andean people who labored for Inca and Spanish empires. To link together and analyze these types of evidence, the project assembles a digital database that will benefit archaeological science by developing a method for the systematic documentation and analysis of artifacts and materials across space and time.