SaTC: CORE: Small: Negotiating Cyber Systems Access for Older Adults with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

老年人正在迅速增加对银行、社交媒体和电子邮件等在线服务的使用，这些服务伴随着安全和隐私方面的风险。这些风险对患有轻度神经认知障碍(MiNCD)的老年人可能尤其重要，这会降低他们识别电子邮件钓鱼等骗局的能力，遵循建议的密码指南，并考虑共享个人信息的下游影响。患有miNCD的老年人应对其障碍的一种方式是在使用和管理在线服务时通过照顾者的帮助，包括伴侣、儿童和专业卫生人员。这也有风险：与照顾者分享个人信息可能会引发尴尬、代理、自主权和信息泄露的问题；照顾者也不总是按照他们的负责人的最佳利益行事。通过一系列访谈、设计工作和评估，该项目将研究围绕照顾者帮助患有miNCD的老年人使用安全和隐私敏感的在线服务所产生的问题，以及新的系统设计如何在提高老年人的自主性和获得在线服务的同时减少涉及的隐私、安全和关系风险。除了这一特定背景外，这项工作还将加深对认知障碍如何影响技术使用的理解，以及如何设计可访问的技术，供有障碍的人通过与他人合作使用--这是有各种身体和精神障碍的人的常见情况。这项工作还将提供针对技术和老龄化的跨学科课程材料，并为本科生和研究生提供与这些人群合作的研究经验。这项工作围绕三个主要活动组织。第一个目的是确定患有miNCD的老年人及其照顾者目前如何管理获得此类服务的机会，以及当前做法存在的问题。为了做到这一点，该团队将研究护理者和老年人对(无论是否患有miNCD，以隔离研究结果是否与年龄和认知障碍有关)，使用以人为中心的设计方法，这种方法结合了短期访谈和舒适环境中的观察性工作，非常适合与老年人和认知障碍患者一起工作。这些调查结果将被用于制定第二项主要活动的要求，这是一项参与性设计(PD)过程，旨在设计互动机制，以便围绕访问网上银行、社交媒体和电子邮件账户进行合作谈判。PD过程还将遵循以人为中心的理念，使用一种“隐形设备”模式，通过展示视频场景来提示参与者的设计想法，在视频场景中，演员使用和讨论未指定的设备来解决第一阶段中确定的问题。然后，团队将把护理者-老年人对产生的想法合成为三个领域中每个领域的用户交互原型，并测试它们的基本可用性。第三项主要活动是对40名老年人(20名患有miNCD，20名不患有miNCD)进行为期6个月的纵向部署。参与者将记录不良事件及其反应；团队将分析这些事件以及调查、访谈和视频观察，以评估这些技术如何影响参与者对其照顾者和自主权的看法、他们对在线访问决策的参与和满意度，以及他们管理围绕安全和隐私的风险的能力。

Older adults are rapidly increasing their use of online services such as banking, social media, and email -- services that come with risks around security and privacy. These risks may be especially important for older adults who suffer from mild neurocognitive disorder (miNCD), which can reduce their ability to recognize scams such as email phishing, follow recommended password guidelines, and consider downstream implications of sharing personal information. One way older adults with miNCD cope with their impairments is through the help of caregivers, including partners, children, and professional health personnel, when using and managing online services. This, too, carries risks: sharing personal information with caregivers can raise questions of embarrassment, agency, autonomy, and information leakage; caregivers also do not always act in their charges' best interest. Through a series of interviews, design work, and evaluation, this project will study the issues that arise around caregivers helping older adults with miNCD use security- and privacy-sensitive online services, and how new system designs can reduce the privacy, security, and relational risks involved while increasing older adults' autonomy and access to online services. Beyond that specific context, the work will deepen understanding of both how cognitive impairments affect technology use and how to design accessible technologies that people with impairments use through collaborating with others -- a common situation for people with a variety of physical and mental impairments. The work will also inform interdisciplinary course materials aimed at technology and aging and provide both undergraduate and graduate students research experiences working with these populations.The work is organized around three main activities. The first aims to determine how older adults with miNCD and their caregivers currently manage access to such services, and problems with current practices. To do this, the team will study pairs of caregivers and older adults (both with and without miNCD, to isolate whether findings are related to age versus cognitive disorder), using a person-centered design approach that combines short-duration interview and observational work in comfortable environments and is well-suited to working with both older and cognitively impaired individuals. These findings will be used to develop requirements for the second main activity, a participatory design (PD) process aimed at designing interaction mechanisms for cooperative negotiation around access to online banking, social media, and email accounts. The PD process will also follow the person-centered philosophy, using an "invisible device" paradigm that prompts participants for design ideas by showing video scenarios in which actors use and discuss unspecified devices to address issues identified in phase 1. The team will then synthesize ideas generated by caregiver-older adult pairs into user interaction prototypes for each of the three domains and test them for basic usability. The third main activity is a six-month longitudinal deployment of these prototypes to 40 older adults (20 with and 20 without miNCD). Participants will keep a diary of adverse events and their reactions; the team will analyze these, along with surveys, interviews, and video observations, to assess how the technologies affect participants' perceptions of their caregivers and autonomy, their involvement in and satisfaction with decision-making around online access, and their ability to manage risks around security and privacy.