The Second Cargese School on Earthquakes - Participant Support

过去十年的进展使人们对地震过程有了更全面的了解。可用于研究地震的数据的质量和数量正在迅速增加，这些观测的可用性和计算机的能力都有了显著提高。最近的地震为研究社区提供了非常丰富的数据集，用于探索地震行为。其中一些资料表明，地震的起爆过程可能涉及以前未被认识到的缓慢断层滑动。第二个cargise地震学派将为我们对地震的理解提供集中而多样的观点。这些讲座将由世界各地从事地震研究前沿工作的顶尖地震科学家讲授。讲座将结合实践教程，重点是学习新的分析方法和软件。该学院旨在促进对当前问题的更广泛理解的出现，并特别旨在吸引年轻科学家（学生和博士后），从而促进未来地震准备和预测的集体动力。该提案将为来自美国机构的科学家提供部分旅行支持。美国科学家参与的成本与学校的托管成本之间的杠杆作用很大，后者由欧洲资金来源支付。第二个cargise地震学院将提供有关最新技术的指导，包括三个主要研究课题：(1)地震成核。正如实验室岩石力学实验所证实的那样，地震是加速过程的高潮，可能表现为不断增长的地震滑动，通常伴随着前震、震颤或其他地震现象。最近对这些现象的观察以及它们如何与震级进行标度表明，地震的大小可能受到成核过程的影响。(2)地震触发与破裂。发现触发地震的原因的新机会包括：(A)在人为强迫（主要是废水注入）下对真实地壳断层进行实验，以及由此导致的地震活动率的增加；(B)开发新的方法，在四个维度上对物理条件和性质进行成像，以确定哪种断层滑动模式可能占主导地位。还有一些悬而未决的问题需要解决，比如几何/结构构型和过去的历史如何影响断裂的传播。将讨论与这些机会和其他机会相关的发现。(3)超越地震-完成滑动谱。慢震滑动的作用是减轻断层的应力，并加速相邻断层块的应力积累，最终破裂并辐射地震波。创新的地震波形和统计分析已经成为观测地震滑动的替代方法，这是一个持续的挑战。其中包括通过直接检测地震变形来验证代理状态，以及评估地震和地震模式如何相互作用。

Advances in the last decade have led towards a more complete picture of earthquake processes. The quality and quantity of data available to study earthquakes is increasing rapidly and both the availability of those observations and the capacity of computers to them have improved dramatically. Recent earthquakes are providing the research community with exceptionally rich datasets with which to explore earthquake behavior. Some of these data indicate an extended and complex earthquake initiation process that may involve previously unrecognized slow fault slip. The second Cargèse School on Earthquakes will provide focused yet diverse perspectives on our understanding of earthquakes. These will be delivered as lectures by leading earthquake scientists from around the world who are working at the cutting-edge of earthquake research. Lectures will be combined with hands-on tutorials that focus on learning new analysis methods and software. The school is intended to stimulate the emergence of a broader understanding of the current issues, and is aimed particularly at engaging young scientists (students and post-docs), and will thus facilitate future collective momentum towards earthquake preparedness and forecasting. This proposal would provide partial travel support for scientists from US institutions. The costs of participation by US scientists are highly leveraged against the costs of hosting the school, which are covered through European funding sources. The second Cargèse School on Earthquakes will provide instruction on the state-of-the-art covering three main research topics: (1) Earthquake Nucleation. Earthquakes are the culmination of accelerating processes that may manifest as growing aseismic slip, as confirmed by laboratory rock mechanics experiments, often accompanied by foreshocks, tremor, or other seismic phenomena. Recent observations of these and how they scale with magnitude suggest earthquake size may be influenced by the nucleation process. (2) Earthquake Triggering and Rupture. New opportunities to discover what triggers earthquakes include: (A) experimentation on real crustal faults under anthropogenic forcing, principally wastewater injection, and its consequent increase in seismicity rates and (B) the development of new methods to image in four dimensions the physical conditions and properties that determine which fault slip mode is likely to dominate. There are also open questions to be addressed concerning how geometrical/structural configurations and past history influence rupture propagation. Discoveries relevant to these opportunities and others will be discussed. (3) Beyond Earthquakes - Completing the Slip Spectrum. Slow aseismic slip acts to relieve stress applied to faults and to accelerate stress accumulation on neighboring stuck fault patches that eventually break and radiate seismic waves. Innovative seismic waveform and statistical analyses have served as proxies for the more difficult to observe aseismic slip, which is an ongoing challenge. These include verification of the proxy status by detecting aseismic deformation directly and evaluation of how seismic and aseismic modes interact.