Systematics and evolution of migration in Clupeiformes (Herring, Sardines, Shad, Anchovies, and their allies)

迁徙是动物中普遍存在的现象。最壮观的迁徙类型之一，发生在鲑鱼、鳗鱼、鲱鱼和鲟鱼等鱼类身上，涉及在河流和海洋之间移动以觅食和繁殖。许多这些洄游鱼类对其生态系统以及娱乐和商业收获都很重要。然而，迁徙的进化及其对物种特征的影响仍然是个谜。包括鲱鱼、沙丁鱼、鲱鱼和鲱鱼（鲱形目）在内的鱼类是研究迁徙的极好模型，因为它包括大量的迁徙物种，其中许多具有经济重要性。令人惊讶的是，这些鱼类的进化关系和分类学知之甚少。这个项目的目标是利用DNA序列和解剖数据来生成一个鲱形目的生命树，并以这个群体作为模型来理解迁徙的进化。该项目将确定哪些特征与洄游有关，以及与非洄游鱼类相比，这些特征在洄游鱼类中的演变有何不同。该项目的更广泛影响包括培训一名博士后、两名研究生、高中教师和来自STEM学科代表性不足群体的第一代本科生，包括现任和前任军人以及社区学院转校生。此外，该项目还将修订鲱形目的分类，包括发现和描述新物种，提供识别它们的分类检索表，并开发一个开放的所有洄游鱼类的在线数据库。该项目将利用基因组规模的数据和形态特征来研究鲱形目的综合系统发育，以研究二次分化的进化及其对谱系和表型多样性的影响。利用靶向外显子捕获技术，该项目将对1000个基因座进行测序，用于染色体遗传学和研究染色体易位的分子进化。形态特征将在未充分研究的系统，如鳃弓，脑的情况下，和软组织使用干骨骼，整个标本，数字CT扫描图像和清晰和染色的标本。通过检测调节基因和视觉基因的选择率和选择模式的差异，将确定适应溯河产卵生活史的分子基础。国家依赖的多样化和姐妹比较分析将被用来测试是否diadromy驱动的血统多样化率的差异。将使用最大似然法和贝叶斯方法估计形态进化速率，该方法将缺失的分类群和参数估计和遗传学中的不确定性结合起来。利用与运动和摄食相关的功能特征，该项目还将确定洄游鱼类是否居住在与运动和摄食相关的不同宏观进化适应性高峰上。比较的方法将被用来确定最适合的各种性状的进化模型与diadromy，并测试这些性状是否在强选择。该项目将揭示跨多个生物尺度的二分体的宏观进化动力学，并解决鲱形目的系统学和分类学问题。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Migration is a widespread phenomenon among animals. One of the most spectacular types of migration, which occurs in fish such as salmon, eels, shad and sturgeon, involves movement between rivers and oceans to feed and reproduce. Many of these migratory fishes are important to their ecosystem and for recreational and commercial harvests. However, the evolution of migration and its consequences for species traits remains mysterious. The group of fishes that includes herrings, sardines, shads, and anchovies (Clupeiformes), is an excellent model for studying migration because it includes a large number of migratory species, many of which are of economic importance. Surprisingly, the evolutionary relationships and taxonomy of these fishes is poorly understood. The goal of this project is to use DNA sequence and anatomical data to generate a tree of life for Clupeiformes, and use this group as a model to understand the evolution of migration. The project will determine which traits are associated with migration, and how these traits evolve differently in migratory fishes compared to non-migratory fishes. The broader impacts of this project include training for a postdoc, two graduate students, high school teachers and first-generation undergraduates from underrepresented groups in STEM disciplines, including current and former military members and community college transfer students. In addition, this project will revise the taxonomy of Clupeiformes, including discovery and description of new species, provide taxonomic keys for their identification, and develop an open, online database of all migratory fishes. This project will generate a comprehensive phylogeny of Clupeiformes using genome-scale data and morphological characters to investigate the evolution of diadromy and its impact on lineage and phenotypic diversity. Using targeted exon capture, the project will sequence 1000 loci for phylogenetics and investigating the molecular evolution of diadromy. Morphological characters will be identified in understudied systems such as the gill arches, brain case, and soft tissue using dry skeletons, whole specimens, digital CT-scanned images and clear and stained specimens. The molecular basis for adaptation to a diadromous life history will be determined by testing for differences in rates and patterns of selection in osmoregulatory and vision genes. State-dependent diversification and sister comparison analyses will be used to test whether diadromy drives differences in rates of lineage diversification. Rates of morphological evolution will be estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods that incorporate missing taxa and uncertainty in parameter estimates and phylogeny. Using functional traits related to locomotion and feeding, the project also will determine whether migratory fishes reside on distinct macroevolutionary adaptive peaks associated with locomotion and feeding. Comparative methods will be used to determine the best-fit models of evolution for various traits associated with diadromy, and test to whether these traits are under strong selection. This project will reveal the macroevolutionary dynamics of diadromy across multiple biological scales and resolve the systematics and taxonomy of Clupeiformes.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.