Collaborative Research: Surface wave impacts on upper ocean response to tropical cyclones

目前全球天气/气候数值模式的发展正朝着更高的空间分辨率的方向发展，以便它们现在能够解决极端天气事件，包括热带气旋(TCS)。事实上，TC预报模式和全球天气预报模式有望在不久的将来合并。TCS下海洋表层的湍流混合通过海-气热量和动量交换有效地耦合了海洋和大气。这种海气耦合受到海洋表面波(海态)的调制，这种海面波在热带气旋条件下特别复杂和多变。表面波对上层海洋的一维(垂直混合/扩散)和三维(上升流和水平平流)过程都有影响。这项研究的重点是推进明确包括表面波影响的海洋湍流混合方案。尽管世界各地的建模中心也在进行类似的努力，但很少有这样的努力包括极端(TC)条件。这项研究的结果将提供有关大风条件下表面波对上层海洋过程的主次影响、波与海洋模式耦合的好处以及实施与波相关的参数化的最佳方法的信息。拟议的努力是及时的，将立即使区域和全球天气和气候模型界受益。研究结果将被整合到飓风：科学和社会网站，该网站目前由数万名教育工作者和学生以及普通公众使用。除了他们的技术培训，研究生还将接受教育和外展专业人员的培训，如何将复杂的科学概念转化为非专家语言。这项合作研究将结合最先进的建模和在以前的实地项目中获得的观测数据进行。具体地说，上层海洋对几个历史热带气旋的响应将使用一个耦合的海浪模式来模拟，该模式包括海态相关的朗缪尔湍流参数化和其他重要的表面波影响(斯托克斯平流、科里奥利斯斯托克斯力、斯托克斯切变力和海气动量通量收支)。首先，模型结果将被用来约束风应力和阻力系数。接下来，将在考虑和不考虑波浪影响的情况下，将模型结果与观测数据进行比较，包括混合层温度、水流和湍流数据。这项研究将澄清朗缪尔湍流和其他表面波效应是否对热带气旋的上层海洋响应产生主导顺序影响，以及它们的准确预测是否需要一个完全耦合的海浪模式和依赖于海态的参数。这项研究将与NOAA/地球物理流体动力学实验室的科学家密切合作进行，并将为NOAA的研究和涉及上层海洋混合对气候和天气预测的作用的大气-海洋耦合模式的开发做出贡献。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The current development of global weather/climate numerical models is moving in the direction of higher spatial resolutions, such that they are now capable to resolve extreme weather events, including tropical cyclones (TCs). In fact, TC prediction models and global weather prediction models are expected to merge in a near future. Turbulent mixing in the ocean surface layer under TCs effectively couples the ocean and atmosphere through air-sea exchanges of heat and momentum. This air-sea coupling is modulated by ocean surface waves (sea states) that are particularly complex and varied under TC conditions. Surface waves affect both one-dimensional (vertical mixing/diffusion), and three-dimensional (upwelling and horizontal advection) processes in the upper ocean. The focus of this study is to advance ocean turbulent mixing schemes that explicitly include the impact of surface waves. Although similar efforts are underway in modeling centers worldwide, few of such efforts include extreme (TC) conditions. Results from this study will inform on the leading order impacts from surface waves on upper ocean processes in high wind conditions, on the benefits of coupling wave and ocean models, and on optimal approaches to implementing wave-dependent parameterizations. The proposed effort is timely and will immediately benefit both the regional and global weather and climate modeling communities. The results of the research will be integrated into the Hurricanes: Science and Society website that is currently used by tens of thousands of educators and students as well as the general public. In addition to their technical training, the graduate students will receive training from education and outreach professionals on how to translate complex scientific concepts into non-expert language.This collaborative study will be carried out by combining state-of-the-art modeling and observational data obtained in previous field programs. Specifically, upper ocean responses to several historical Tropical Cyclones will be simulated using a coupled ocean-wave model that includes sea-state dependent Langmuir turbulence parameterizations and other significant surface wave impacts (the Stokes advection, the Coriolis Stokes force, the Stokes shear force, and the air-sea momentum flux budget). First, the model results will be used to constrain the wind stress and the drag coefficient. Next, the model results, with and without the wave effects, will be compared with observational data, including mixed layer temperature, current, and turbulence data. This investigation will clarify whether the Langmuir turbulence and other surface wave effects make leading order impacts on upper ocean responses to Tropical Cyclones, and whether their accurate prediction requires a fully coupled ocean-wave model with sea-state dependent parameterizations. This study will be conducted in close collaboration with NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory scientists and will contribute to the NOAA research and coupled atmosphere-ocean model development involving the role of upper ocean mixing on climate and weather prediction.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.