Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen orthodoxer Religion und der Politik im zeitgenössischen Russland

自20世纪80年代以来，社会主义制度的合法性日益下降，导致国家权力的丧失，并在1991年苏联解体时达到顶峰。许多俄罗斯人和外部专家认为，苏联和叶利钦总统领导下的俄罗斯国家的最后几年是软弱的。1999年弗拉基米尔普京总统上台后，这种情况发生了变化。从那时起，联邦国家和总统行政当局的权力得到了明显的加强，同时建立了新的权力机构。然而，在2011年底的选举之后，这种情况迅速发生了变化，当时大规模的抗议活动变得明显，并对总统党“统一俄罗斯”提出了欺诈和欺骗的指控。在这个项目中，我研究了当代俄罗斯松散的权力结构（Machtstrukturen）和权威（Herrschaft）之间的转变过程。在这方面特别感兴趣的是正统宗教和政治之间的相互关系。因此，我感兴趣的是宗教和政治领域在哪里以及如何以多种方式相互影响、加强、矛盾或互补。在研究过程中，将不单独分析地方一级，而是将其置于区域、国家和全球范围内。研究的最初问题是：当社会主义制度在20世纪80年代失去合法性时，东正教的作用是什么？在弗拉基米尔普京的赋权过程中，东正教发挥了哪些影响？是否有可能区分政治和宗教之间相互关系的不同时期？可以找到哪些条件来解释权力的转变？不同群体之间存在着什么样的解释，他们如何证明自己的主张？在宗教人士中有没有明显的反对国家的声音？哪些群体可以被命名，可以给出什么样的榜样？为了回答这些问题，计划进行一次人类学实地考察，以收集经验数据。这包括，一方面，参与者观察，另一方面，半结构化的访谈和会谈。这种方法使我能够展示权力转变的过程性，并从我的对话者的记忆中纳入微观历史视角。

Since the 1980s a diminishing legitimacy of socialist institutions became obvious which led to a loss of power of the state and reached its climax with the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. Many Russians and external experts characterized the last years of the Soviet Union and the Russian state under the presidency of Boris Yeltsin as weak. This changed when President Vladimir Putin came to power in 1999. From then on an empowerment of the federal state and the presidential administration became visible that was accompanied by the establishment of new institutions of power. However, this changed rapidly in the aftermath of the elections in late 2011 when massive protest became visible and accusations of fraud and deceit against the presidential party “United Russia” were raised.In this project I examine the processes of transformation between loose structures of power (Machtstrukturen) and authority (Herrschaft) in contemporary Russia. Of special interest in this context is the interrelation between orthodox religion and politics. Thus I was interested where and how the spheres of religion and politics influence, reinforce, contradict or complement each other in multiple ways. During the research, the local level will not be analyzed separately but put into the regional, national and global context. Initial questions for the research are: What is the role of Orthodoxy when socialist institutions lost their legitimacy in the 1980s? Which influence was exerted by orthodox religion during the process of empowerment of Vladimir Putin? Is it possible to distinguish between different periods of interrelation between politics and religion? Which conditions could be found in order to explain transformations of power? What kinds of interpretations do exist among various groups and how do they justify their claims? Is there any opposition against the state among religious people visible? Which groups could be named and what kind of exemplars could be given? In order to answer these questions an anthropological fieldwork is planned in order to collect empirical data. This includes, on the one hand, participant observation and, on the other, semi-structured interviews and talks. This methodology allows me show the processual character of the transformation of power and to incorporate a micro-historical perspective from the remembrance of my interlocutors.