SaTC: CORE: Small: Socio-Technical Strategies for Enhancing Privacy in Photo Sharing

随着数码摄影和社交网络的兴起，人们以前所未有的速度在社交媒体上拍摄和分享照片。这样的分享可能会引起被拍照者的隐私问题，例如，在“病毒式传播”和广泛分享的尴尬照片的背景下。在最坏的情况下，在线照片分享可能会导致网络欺凌，这可能会极大地影响这些照片的主题。这项研究的基础是观察到，照片的浏览者会注意到其他人的隐私，在网上分享照片时，他们可能会受到影响，保护自己的隐私。首先，该研究将研究人们对分享自己和他人照片的看法和感受。这将包括测量他们在做决定时的行为和生理反应。其次，研究将确定这些决定可以通过技术机制改变到什么程度，这些机制旨在鼓励负责任的图像共享活动，尊重照片中被捕获的人的隐私。研究人员将包括研究生和本科生。该项目汇集了心理学和脑科学以及计算机安全和隐私方面的专业知识，探索照片共享背景下隐私的社会技术解决方案。特别是，该研究侧重于首先了解人们在社交媒体上分享照片时的认知和情感动态。本研究旨在1)确定注意力、处理深度和决策不确定性对图像共享决策的影响；2)识别对图像的情感反应与在社交媒体上分享图像的决定之间的关系。基于从这些实验中获得的知识，该研究试图开发和测试一系列社会技术干预策略，如面部突出和身份启动，这些策略是由一种新的理论和方法框架所提供的，这种理论和方法框架被称为客观化理论，或者人们经常被激励去看别人的特定特征或作为娱乐对象。这些干预将通过鼓励观众在做出图像共享决定之前考虑每个图像中所描绘的人的个人身份或隐私来抵消物化。因此，解决旁观者隐私的机制将建立在一项心理学研究的基础上，该研究旨在理解和操纵分享照片时的决策要素。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

With the rise of digital photography and social networking, people are capturing and sharing photos on social media at an unprecedented rate. Such sharing may lead to privacy concerns for the people captured in such photos, e.g., in the context of embarrassing photos that go "viral" and are shared widely. At worst, online photo sharing can result in cyber-bullying that can greatly affect the subjects of such photos. This research builds on the observation that viewers of a photo are mindful of the privacy of other people, and could be influenced to protect their privacy when sharing photos online. First, the research will study how people think and feel about sharing photos of themselves and others. This will involve measuring their behavioral and physiological responses as they make their decisions. Second, the research will identify to what degree these decisions can be altered through technical mechanisms that are designed to encourage responsible image sharing activity that respects the privacy of people captured in the photo. The investigators will involve graduate and undergraduates students in this research.This project brings together expertise in the psychological and brain sciences and computer security and privacy to explore socio-technical solutions for privacy in the context of photo sharing. In particular, the research focuses on first developing an understanding of people's cognitive and affective dynamics while sharing photos on social media. The research seeks to 1) determine the effects of attention, depth of processing, and decisional uncertainty on image sharing decisions; and 2) identify the relationship between affective responses to images and decisions to share images on social media. Building on the knowledge gained from these experiments, the research seeks to develop and test a series of socio-technical intervention strategies such as face-highlighting and identity-priming, which are informed by a novel theoretical and methodological framework called objectification theory, or the idea that people are often motivated to see other people in terms of particular features or as objects of entertainment. These interventions will counteract objectification by encouraging viewers to consider the personal identity or privacy of the people depicted in each image before making image-sharing decisions. Thus, the mechanisms for addressing bystander privacy will be grounded in a psychological study that understands and manipulates the elements of decision making while sharing photos.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.