Urban Design under Franco and Salazar, City Production by Iberian Dictatorships in the European Context

该研究项目的目的是重建安东尼奥·德奥利维拉·萨拉查和弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥时期西班牙和葡萄牙城市设计的发展，并在欧洲城市设计的历史背景下对其进行分类。中心问题是：一个独裁的城市设计体系是如何建立起来的？城市设计产生了哪些形式？城市设计与旅游业有何相关性？国际进程如何影响独裁的城市设计？国内和国际专家发挥什么作用？随着时间的推移，人们对已建成的城市证据的认识和判断是如何变化的？与葡萄牙和西班牙的其他行政区一样，这座建筑必须服从于城市设计，特别是因为国家有广泛的能力控制城市发展。但是城市设计不仅仅被理解为设计和建造的形式。它还总是包括导致这种形式并由这种形式表达的条件以及形式所暗示的信息和效果。对城市设计的这种理解通过城市生产这个术语得以澄清。六个研究领域使葡萄牙和西班牙的殖民地城市设计变得容易理解：（1）首都（2）选择大中城市，（3.）农村（4）特殊功能场所（5）殖民地城镇，6.）城市设计的政治和制度。前五个领域代表了一个空间的重点，但也考虑到当地的城市生产条件。最后一个领域是指城市设计的一般政治、制度和专业框架。伊比利亚总督辖区的城市设计在其存续期间发生了变化。在时间方面，研究集中在广泛的庄严控制的城市设计的中心阶段，开始在葡萄牙（1928年）在西班牙（1939年）与独裁政权的建立，并在20世纪50年代末失去了它的意义。萨拉查和佛朗哥时期城市设计的发展受到其他国家的影响：国家社会主义德国和法西斯主义的意大利以及法国都是重要的参考点。澄清国际专业交流是了解国家发展不可或缺的。首先，这是伊比利亚两个国家之间的关系。但是，只有将伊比利亚半岛的城市设计嵌入到欧洲的视角中，才能澄清这些城市的具体特征。

The aim of the research project is to reconstruct the development of the urban design in Spain and Portugal under Antonio de Oliveira Salazar and Francisco Franco as well as to categorize them in the historical context of the European urban design. Central questions are: How is a dictatorial system of urban design established? Which forms of urban design are produced? Which relevance has the urban design for the dictatorships? How is the dictatorial urban design influenced by the international processes? Which part do the national and international experts play? How do awareness and judgment of the built urban evidence of the dictatorships change over time?As in other dictatorships also in Portugal and Spain the single building had to subordinate to the urban design, especially because of the extensive capabilities to control urban development through the state. But urban design is not only understood as designed and built form. Also it always includes the conditions, which led to and are expressed by this form as well as the messages and effects, which the form implies. This understanding of urban design is clarified by the term city production.Six fields of research make the urban design of the dictatorships in Portugal and Spain accessible: (1.) the capital city, (2.) selected large and medium-sized towns, (3.) the rural area, (4.) places for special functions, (5.) colonial towns, 6.) politics and institutions of urban design. The first five fields represent a spatial focus, but also consider the local conditions of the city production. The last field refers to the general political, institutional and professional framework of urban design.The urban design of the Iberian dictatorships changed in the course of their duration. In terms of time the research concentrates on the central phase of the extensive stately controlled urban design, which started in Portugal (1928) as in Spain (1939) with the establishment of the dictatorship and lost its significance in the late 1950s. In this central phase the will of the dictatorship to shape urban design becomes especially apparent.The development of urban design under Salazar and Franco was influenced by other countries: the National Socialist Germany and the fascist Italy but also France were important points of reference. The clarification of the international professional communication is indispensable for the understanding of the national development. First of all this holds for the relationship of the two Iberian countries to one another. But only an embedding of the Iberian dictatoric urban design into an European perspective allows to clarify the specific features of these dictatorships.