Causes and consequences of invasions of aquatic ecosystems by non-native salmonids

在欧洲，数以百万计的非本地鱼类（包括物种和基因型）定期被释放到野外，无论是有意放养还是无意逃离水产养殖。非本地鱼类可成为入侵性鱼类，对生物多样性构成持续威胁。鲑鱼是欧洲具有重要社会经济和文化意义的标志性鱼类家族。它们广泛分布在海洋、沿海和淡水生态系统中，并继续被大量养殖和放归野外。通常，非本地基因型跨流域转移，对野生鱼类造成持续的生态和遗传负担。现有的技术可以使放养的鱼或水产养殖中使用的鱼在表型上更极端（例如通过基因改造使其快速生长），并可能减少对环境的威胁（例如通过三倍体使其不育）。总的来说，鲑科鱼类是一个很好的模型系统，可以通过生态学、进化、渔业生物学和社会经济学相结合的综合方法来研究入侵的原因和后果。我们的SalmoInvade提案结合了五个研究机构/国家的专业知识，研究鲑科鱼类作为潜在入侵物种/基因型，并了解心理学、经济和治理条件以及人类与这些鱼类相关的途径。我们的目标是（1）了解自然界中非原生鲑科鱼类的入侵潜力，包括转基因和非原生基因型，及其生态和遗传影响，（2）揭示建立的生物学和社会机制，以及（3）了解不同欧洲文化中的公众和利益相关者如何将生物入侵概念化和合理化，以及他们自己参与非生物入侵的传播。土著人对生物多样性和生物入侵等复杂概念的看法。为了实现我们的目标，我们设计了研究1。 评估目前欧洲非本地鲑鱼的释放及其入侵潜力的社会，经济和生态机制。 研究鲑科鱼类生物入侵对生态和进化的影响。 评估公众和主要利益相关者如何看待鲑鱼入侵。我们的项目最终旨在为鲑鱼入侵的政策和管理提供充分知情的综合建议。

Millions of non-native fishes (both species and genotypes) are regularly released into the wild in Europe, either intentionally by stocking or non-intentionally by escapes from aquaculture. Non-native fishes can become invasive and constitute a continuous threat to biodiversity. Salmonids are an iconic fish family of great socio-economic and cultural importance in Europe. They are widely distributed in both marine, coastal and freshwater ecosystems, and they continue to be cultured and released in large numbers into the wild. Often non-native genotypes are transferred across catchments creating a ongoing ecological and genetic burden on wild fish. Techniques exist to make stocked fish or fish used in aquculture phenotypically more extreme (e.g. fast-growing by genetic modification) and potentially environmentally less threatening (e.g. sterile by triploidy). Overall, samonids constitute an excellent model system to study the causes and consequences of invasions using an integrated approach that combines ecological, evolutionary, fisheries biological and socio-economic approaches.Our SalmoInvade proposal combines expertise from five research institutions/countries to study salmonid fishes as potentially invasive species/genotypes, and understand the psychological, economic and governance conditions and pathways by which humans relate to these fishes. Our objectives are (1) to understand the invasion potential of non-native salmonids in nature, including genetically modified and non-native genotypes, and their ecological and genetic impacts, (2) to reveal the biological and social mechanisms of establishment, and (3) to understand how the public and stakeholders in various European cultures conceptualize and rationalize biological invasions and their own engagement in the spread of non-natives in light of their perceptions about complex concepts such as biodiversity and biological invasions. In order to achieve our aims, we have designed studies to1. to evaluate current releases of non-native salmonids in Europe and the social, economic and ecological mechanisms underlying their invasion potential,2. to investigate the ecological and evolutionary impacts of biological invasions by salmonids,3. to evaluate how salmonid invasions are perceived by the public and by key stakeholders.Our project finally aims at providing well-informed, integrated recommendations for policy and management of salmonid invasions.