A social motives perspective on personality

大二人格(代理、交往)和大五人格(O[偏执]、E[外向]、A[贪婪]、[C]科学性、[N]欧洲主义)是应用最广泛的人格因素模型。这些模型的真正价值取决于它们预测思想、感觉和行为的能力。然而，个性心理学家哀叹，个性因素对其结果的影响可能会在不同的社会背景下存在巨大差异，从而对有效性构成威胁。然而，如果这种多样性遵循反映人格因素核心特征的理论预测，它就不会构成威胁。遗憾的是，相关理论并不多见。因此，在这项申请中，我试图发展一种关于为什么人格效应应该在不同的社会背景下存在差异的理论视角：社会动机视角(SMP)。SMP的核心是这样一个假设，即人格因素与社会顺从(顺应社会潮流)和社会偏离(逆社会潮流而游)的社会主动机有关。具体而言，共融、A和C与社会顺从动机相关，而代理和O与社会越轨动机相关。因此，交流、A和C应该在这些结果常见的社会环境中预测结果最强烈，而机构和O应该在它们不常见的社会环境中预测结果最强。以宗教信仰为例。宗教生活允许表达共融、A和C，这就是为什么它们被描述为宗教信仰的泛文化人格基础。尽管这样的表达过程是有效的，SMP做出了不同的预测。鉴于共融、A和C与社会顺从动机有关，这些人格因素在宗教社会背景下对宗教信仰的预测力最强，在世俗社会背景下预测最弱。此外，鉴于代理和O与社会越轨动机有关，这些人格因素在宗教社会背景下对宗教信仰的预测力最小，在世俗社会背景下预测最强。因此，在高度世俗的社会背景下，代理和O可能是宗教信仰的唯一人格基础，颠覆了经典的表现力预测。我们的初步工作支持了关于11个国家(N=187,957)的两大和宗教信仰(N=187,957)和66个国家(N=1,129,334)的五大和宗教的SMP。六个工作包(WP)将全面开发SMP。WP1将对跨文化人格效应的差异进行元分析，并使用SMP来解释这些差异。WP2将评估与社会顺从和社会越轨动机最相关的社会背景。WP3DFG Form 54.011-2/13第4页(共7页)将提供第一次多波纵向测试。WP4将提供第一个实验证据。WP5将应用SMP来重振“亲社会人格”。最后，WP6将导致对SMP的理论审查。在整个WPS中，SMP将解释不同的结果：其他盈利行为、合作伙伴偏好、政治信仰、职业选择、药物滥用、消费者选择，以及减少气候变化、自然资源枯竭和社会不平等的行为。我们的目标是将SMP建立为一种面向过程、关注背景和动机的人格理论，它整合了来自社会、自我、动机和文化心理学的关键见解，以协调不同社会背景下不同的人格效应。

Big Two personality (agency, communion) and Big Five personality (O[penness], E[xtraversion], A[greeableness], [C]onscientiousness, [N]euroticism) are most widely used personality factor models. The true value of these models hinges on their capacity to predict thought, feeling, and behaviour. Yet, personality psychologists have lamented that the effects of personality factors on their outcomes can grossly diverge across social contexts, posing a validity threat. However, such diversity need not be a threat if it follows theoretical predictions reflecting core features of personality factors. Unfortunately, relevant theories are scarce. Hence, in this application I seek to develop a theoretical perspective on why personality effects should diverge across social contexts: The social motives perspective (SMP). At the heart of the SMP lies the assumption that personality factors are linked to the social master motives for social conformity (swimming with the social tide) and social deviance (swimming against the social tide). Specifically, communion, A, and C are linked to the social conformity motive, whereas agency and O are linked to the social deviance motive. Hence, communion, A, and C should predict outcomes most strongly in social contexts where these outcomes are common, whereas agency and O should predict outcomes most strongly in social contexts where they are uncommon. Consider religiosity as one example. Religious life allows expression of communion, A, and C, which is why they have been described as the pan-cultural personality basis of religiosity. The validity of such expressiveness processes notwithstanding, the SMP makes different predictions. Given that communion, A, and C are linked to the social conformity motive, these personality factors should predict religiosity most strongly in religious social contexts and least strongly in secular social contexts. Further, given that agency and O are linked to the social deviance motive, these personality factors should predict religiosity least strongly in religious social contexts and most strongly in secular social contexts. In highly secular social contexts, then, agency and O may be the sole personality basis of religiosity, reversing classic expressiveness predictions. Our preliminary work supported the SMP regarding the Big Two and religiosity across 11 countries (N = 187,957) and the Big Five and religiosity across 66 countries (N = 1,129,334). Six work packages (WPs) will fully develop the SMP. WP1 will meta-analytically summarize crosscultural differences in personality effects and use the SMP to explain these differences. WP2 will evaluate the most relevant social context for social conformity and social deviance motives. WP3 DFG form 54.011 – 2/13 page 4 of 7 will offer a first multi-wave longitudinal test. WP4 will provide first experimental evidence. WP5 will apply the SMP to revive the “prosocial personality.” Finally, WP6 will result in a theoretical review of the SMP. Across the WPs, the SMP will explain diverse outcomes: other-profitable behaviour, partner preferences, political beliefs, occupational choice, drug abuse, consumer choice, and behaviour to reduce climate change, natural resource depletion, and social inequality. The goal is to establish SMP as a process-oriented, context-attentive, and motive-based theory of personality, which integrates key insights from social, self, motivational, and cultural psychology in order to reconcile discrepant personality effects across social contexts.