Long-term effects of invasive species in novel communities: comparative analyses of population dynamics, and phenotypic and genetic changes

入侵生物学已经解决了甚至解决了关于生物入侵的几个关键问题，但入侵物种的长期影响这一核心问题仍然严重未被探索。关于入侵物种的长期种群动态及其影响，已有几个案例研究，但目前缺乏一般的综合或了解。这一知识差距是至关重要的，因为入侵种群密度和特征的长期变化可能会对生态和经济利益产生重大影响。目前的项目旨在缩小知识差距。更具体地说，我建议调查：(1)入侵者的时滞，(2)入侵者的盛衰和其他种群动态，(3)入侵者的表型和遗传变化，(4)受入侵者影响的本地物种的种群动态，以及(5)受入侵者影响的本地物种的表型和遗传变化。对于调查，将建立一个数据库，其中包含来自欧洲和北美的一大批合作者提供的长期数据集(每个数据集至少涵盖10年的数据)。该数据库将包括90个入侵物种的数据集：调查最充分的三个主要分类类群(脊椎动物、无脊椎动物、植物/藻类)和三种主要栖息地类型(淡水、海洋和陆地)中的每一个都有30个物种。对于18种入侵物种，将提供每个至少10个地点的数据集。对于60种入侵物种(淡水和陆地生境中的每个分类组10种)，将提供它们对本地物种的具体影响的数据。该数据库将允许在不同层面进行调查，从主要栖息地和分类学群体到个别物种、种群和地点。将讨论几个研究问题，例如：(1)入侵者之间的时间滞后差异是否与入侵者的特征(例如生活史特征)、入侵生境(例如物种丰富度)或入侵者与生境的相互作用(例如入侵者的本地和外来范围之间的气候差异)有关？(2)哪些入侵者具有哪些特征表现出盛衰动态，以及在哪些生境中？这些问题以及与该项目的五个中心专题有关的其他研究问题(见上文)将予以讨论。关于这些问题的一些研究将由我的研究小组领导，而另一些研究将由合作者领导。我提议在三年的项目期内举办三次讲习班和几次单独的会议，以便与合作者交流知识。将设计一个网站，作为团队和数据库的平台。该网站也可能对未来有关这一主题的项目有所帮助。拟议的项目处于研究前沿，可能会引发未来的倡议，例如关于新社区的其他长期变化。

Invasion biology has addressed or even solved several key questions about biological invasions, but the central issue of long-term effects of invasive species has remained critically unexplored. Several case studies exist about long-term population dynamics of invasive species and their impacts, but a general synthesis or understanding is currently lacking. This knowledge gap is critical, as long-term shifts in invader population densities and traits are likely and may have large consequences of ecological and economic interest. The current project aims to narrow the knowledge gap. More specifically, I propose to investigate: (1) time lags of invaders, (2) boom-bust and other population dynamics of invaders, (3) phenotypic and genetic changes of invaders, (4) population dynamics of native species affected by invaders, and (5) phenotypic and genetic changes of native species affected by invaders. For the investigations, a database will be set up with long-term datasets (each one covering at least 10 years of data) contributed by a large group of collaborators from Europe and North America. The database will include datasets from 90 invasive species: 30 species for each of the three best investigated major taxonomic groups (vertebrate animals, invertebrate animals, plants/algae) and for each of the three major types of habitat (freshwater, marine, terrestrial). For 18 invasive species, datasets for at least 10 locations each will be available. And for 60 invasive species (10 for each taxonomic group in both freshwater and terrestrial habitats), data will be available on their specific effects on native species. The database will allow for investigations at different levels, from major habitats and taxonomic groups to individual species, populations, and locations. Several research questions will be addressed, for instance: (1) Do differences in time lags among invaders correlate with characteristics of the invaders (e.g. life-history traits), invaded habitats (e.g. species richness), or invader-habitat interactions (e.g. climatic difference between the invader's native and exotic range)? (2) Which invaders with which characteristics show boom-bust dynamics, and in which habitats? These and other research questions related to the five central topics of the project (see above) will be addressed. Some studies on these questions will be led by my research group, while others will be led by collaborators. I propose three workshops over the three-year project period and several individual meetings in order to allow for knowledge exchange with collaborators. A website will be designed to serve as a platform for the team and the database. This website may also be helpful for future projects on the topic. The proposed project is at a research frontier and may spark future initiatives, e.g. on other long-term changes in novel communities.