Framing in need determination

描述不变性是理性选择理论的一个主要性质。然而，许多实证研究表明，偏好可能在很大程度上取决于决策问题的框架，是否添加不相关的方面，和/或正在使用的响应模式（例如，选择与匹配）。这些效应被称为框架效应，导致偏好逆转和偏好转移。框架效应已经在许多（应用）领域进行了研究，但在正义和需求的背景下却很少。当前的研究项目（A1， FOR2104的一部分）调查了透明度假设，该假设认为决策过程的透明度有助于分配决策的社会客观性。该项目旨在确定在做出这些决定时发挥作用的决定因素。研究了内部和外部框架。一个人的内在框架取决于他/她的个人特征（经历、规范、习惯）。决策者之间的异质性可能影响他们对需求的判断。外部框架是指受决策问题的措辞（框架）影响的决策者对决策情景的感知和概念。提出了三个实验系列。第一个系列包括确定性下的决策，有两种不同的问题框架和三种响应框架（选择、默认、匹配）。除了需要之外，选择情境中还增加了两个个人特征：年龄（归因于）和与健康相关的行为（获得性）。第二个系列包括风险下的决策。除了需要外，还考虑到有需要的人的可识别性。彩票被定义为收益和损失。两个参与者，一个是主动的，一个是被动的。主动者必须保持一定的需要水平，被动者必须达到一定的需要水平，依赖于主动者的选择行为。被动的人可以也可以不可以用具体的人的特征来描述。第三个系列包括确定性下的决策，重点关注人员的可识别性以及如何确定他们的角色。包括两种反应模式（选择，默认）和两个问题框架（获得，损失）。在所有三个实验系列中，参与者（决策者）的异质性都是通过使用人格测试来衡量的，特别是那些与正义（敏感性）有关的测试。刺激（决策问题中描述的人）的异质性是通过使用不同的归属和获得的人特征来获得的。

Description-invariance is a main property of rational choice theories. Numerous empirical studies, however, have shown that preferences may strongly depend on how a decision problem is framed, whether irrelevant aspects are added, and/or the response mode being used (e.g. choice vs. matching). Those effects are called framing effects resulting in preference reversals and preference shifts. Framing effects have been studied in many (applied) areas but less in the context of justice and need. The current research project (A1, part of FOR2104) investigates the transparency hypothesis that holds that transparency of a decision process contributes to social objectivity of distribution decisions. The project aims to identify the determinants that play a role when making those decisions. Internal and external framings are investigated. Internal framing of a person depends on her/his personal characteristics (experiences, norms, habits). The heterogeneity among the decision makers may influence their judgments on need. External framing refers to the decision maker’s perception and conception of a decision situation influenced by the phrasing (frame) of the decision problem. Three experimental series are proposed. The first series includes decision making under certainty with two different problem frames and three response frames (choice, default, matching). In addition to need, two person characteristics are added to the choice situation: age (ascribed) and health related behavior (acquired). The second series includes decision making under risk. In addition to need, identifiability of the needy person is considered. Lotteries are framed as gains and losses. Two participants, one active and one passive, are involved. The active person must retain a certain need level and the passive person must reach a certain need level and is dependent on the active person’s choice behavior. The passive person may or may not be described in terms of concrete person characteristics. The third series includes decision making under certainty and focuses on the identifiability of persons and on how their roles are determined. Two response modes are included (choice, default) and two problem frames (gain, loss). The heterogeneity of the participants (decision makers) is measured in all three experimental series by utilizing personality tests, in particular those that relate to justice (sensitivity). Heterogeneity of the stimuli (persons described in the decision problems) is obtained by using different ascribed and acquired person characteristics.