Holocene climatic events in Northern Arabia - Environmental changes and human response

阿拉伯半岛在第四纪晚期经历了巨大的气候和景观变化。气候档案，如古湖泊和洞穴沉积物，表明全新世早期的湿润期和自那时以来逐渐干旱化，导致今天阿拉伯半岛主要地区的极端干旱状况。虽然有大量的地方记录可供使用的南部半岛，证据从其北方部分是稀缺的，没有太多的细节，关于潮湿的条件及其对自然景观和文化发展的影响是已知的。该提案旨在详细探索Tayma（沙特阿拉伯西北部）古湖或sabkha的独特地质档案，这已经证明其非常适合。将生成气候、景观和沉降相关参数的高分辨率多代理记录，包括微相分布、碳酸盐岩、（Ca、Mg、Sr）、碳（总C [TC]、总无机C [TIC]、总有机C [TOC]）、稳定同位素（d13 C，d15 N，d18 O），指示性元素含量（微X射线荧光分析）、磁化率、矿物学（XRD）、大型动物（腹足类贝壳，藤壶），介形类（多样性/丰度、基于瓣膜的同位素组成、微量金属/Ca比率、瓣膜/甲壳比率、幼/成比率、溶解特征、筛孔分析、结瘤、瓣膜尺寸分布），有孔虫（多样性/丰度、测试畸形）、硅藻（多样性/丰度、硅藻浓度、同位素组成、浮游生物/底栖生物比率）、陀螺藻、脂质生物标志物、花粉和炭化石遗迹。这一记录，加上一个强大的AMS-14 C-和基于OSL的年表，绘制了前湖平面的地貌特征，并在Tayma的长期挖掘项目产生了广泛的考古记录，将提供答案的范围广泛的燃烧研究问题，关于景观变化在当地和（超）区域尺度上，额外的全新世早期水分的来源，区域环境对快速气候变化的反应，以及气候和环境变化对住区模式、社会技术演变和经济做法的影响。

The Arabian Peninsula experienced tremendous climatic and landscape changes during the late Quaternary. Climate archives, such as palaeo-lakes and speleothems, indicate an early Holocene humid period and gradual aridisation since then, leading to today's hyperarid conditions in major parts of Arabia. Whereas plenty of local records are available for the southern peninsula, evidence from its northern part is scarce and not many details regarding the onset of wet conditions and their impact on the physical landscape and cultural developments are known. This proposal aims at exploring the unique geoarchive of the palaeo-lake or sabkha, respectively, at Tayma (NW Saudi Arabia) in detail, which has already proven its excellent suitability. A high-resolution multi-proxy record of climate-, landscape-, and settlement-related parameters will be generated, including microfacies distribution, carbonate (Ca, Mg, Sr), carbon (total C [TC], total inorganic C [TIC], total organic C [TOC]), stable isotopes (d13C, d15N, d18O), indicative element content (micro-XRF), magnetic susceptibility, mineralogy (XRD), macrofauna (gastropod shells, barnacles), ostracods (diversity/abundance, valve-based isotopic composition, trace metal/Ca ratios, valve/carapace ratio, juvenile/adult ratio, dissolution features, sieve-pore analysis, noding, valve size distribution), foraminifers (diversity/abundance, test malformation), diatoms (diversity/abundance, diatom concentration, isotopic composition, planktic/benthic ratio), gyrogonites, lipid biomarkers, pollen and anthracological remains. This record, together with a robust AMS-14C- and OSL-based chronology, mapped geomorphic features of former lake level stands and the extensive archaeological record generated by a long-term excavation project at Tayma, will provide answers to a wide spectrum of burning research questions regarding landscape changes on a local and (supra-)regional scale, the source of additional early Holocene moisture, regional environmental response to rapid climate changes, and the influence on climatic and environmental changes on settlement patterns, socio-technological evolution, and economic practices.