Transformations from Below: Shipyards and Labour Relations in the Uljanik (Croatia) and Gdynia (Poland) Shipyards since the 1980s

该研究项目旨在探讨从1980年左右到克罗地亚欧洲一体化(2014年)期间，波兰的Stocznia Gdynia和克罗地亚的Uljanik两家造船厂的劳资关系和劳工做法的变化。主要目标是对从社会主义向市场经济的转变进行历史性的记录，并从“自下而上”的角度对其进行解释。为此，我们认为转型早在“文德”之前十年就开始了。该项目侧重于三个层面的分析：1)公司中的工人和其他群体及其相互关系；2)由工作场所但也由工厂大门外的结构塑造的社会环境；3)造船公司作为实践中转型的社会场所，不同行为者与其特定议程相互作用。这三个层面的分析不会被认为是孤立的，而是在其相互构成的性质上。我们打算从历史人类学和社会历史的角度研究转型的许多悖论和模棱两可的问题。重点是个人、群体和社会关系的(自我)转变过程。通过关注工人及其与经理的互动，我们将强调车间日常实践对于转型成果的重要性。工人的通融、挪用和颠覆策略是这部社会剧中的重要元素。另一个目的是评估社会主义和后社会主义之间的连续性，以了解不同发展的具体时间性。此外，该项目的具体方法允许以经常与国家关系密切的行业为例，探索国家干预经济模式的具体变化。转型并不一定意味着国家的边缘化，但它意味着国家职能和自我认知的根本变化。这种变化只能通过考察社会主体和国家机构之间的互动来解释。我们认为，像这两家造船厂这样的工业企业--这两家造船厂都对他们的国家具有重要的象征意义、经济意义和社会意义--是探索这些问题的完美社交场所，具有典型性和特殊性。它们也非常适合于研究转型时期全球化之间的具体联系。

The research project aims at exploring the changes of labour relations and labour practices in the two shipyards Stocznia Gdynia (Poland) and Uljanik in Pula (Croatia) from around 1980 to European Integration of Croatia (2014). The major objective is to historicize transformation from socialism to market economies and to explain it from a perspective "from below". For that purpose we suggest that transformation began already a decade before the "Wende". The project focuses on three levels of analysis: 1) workers and other groups in the company, and their inter-relations; 2) social milieus shaped by the workplace but also by structures outside the factory gates; 3) the shipbuilding companies as social sites of transformation in practice, where diverse actors with their specific agendas interacted. The three levels of analysis will not be considered isolated but in their mutually constitutive nature. We intend to study the many paradoxes and ambiguities of transformation from a historical-anthropological and social history perspective. The emphasis is on processes of (self-) transformations of individuals, groups and social relations. By focussing on workers and their interaction with managers, we will highlight the importance of everyday practices on the shop-floor for the outcomes of transformation. Workers' strategies of accommodation, appropriation, and subversion are important elements in this social drama. Another aim is to evaluate (dis-) continuities between socialism and post-socialism in or-der to understand specific temporalities of different developments. Furthermore, the specific approach of the project allows exploring the concrete changes in the patterns of state intervention in the economy on the example of an industry that is often close to the state. Transformation did not necessarily imply a marginalization of the state, but it meant a fundamental change in the functions and self-perceptions of the state. This change can be explained only by looking into the interaction between social agents and state institutions. We contend that industrial enterprises like the two shipyards - both of which possessed important symbolical, economic and social significance for their countries - are perfect social sites for the exploration of these questions, possessing paradigmatic as well as idiosyncratic properties. They are also perfectly suitable for investigating the concrete connections between globalization in the transformation period.