Event conceptualisation and linguistic realisation: The impact of semantic and lexical factors on sentence production

论证结构、论证与附着物的区别以及主题角色与事件编码最相关，但对这些概念的定义却很少达成一致。目前的建议从心理语言学的角度来解决这些问题，重点关注句子生产中概念化和提法的交集。结构启动实验将有助于将基于严格的句子生成增量模型的预测与词汇学家的预测分离开来。严格递增假设包含了概念因素是语言编码的主要决定因素的假设。因此，词汇信息对句法表达的影响很小，而主位层次则引导主位角色到句法功能的映射。然而，一个突出的指称物，例如，在话语中，可能比其主题位置所暗示的更早实现。相比之下，没有聚焦的参与者可能根本不被编码，并保持隐式。结构持久性预计会以一种类似于上下文操作的方式影响主题关系：它增加了显示与主题层次结构不一致的主题角色顺序的概念表示的可用性。词汇学家认为，词汇信息触发了主位角色到句法功能的映射。如果结构启动以词汇表征为目标，那么在没有词汇和句法相似的概念相似的情况下，应该没有效果。此外，动词重复的效果应仅限于论点。动词重复的效果可以推广到带有修饰语的结构中，它指出了动词出现的句法上下文的动态表示。我们提出的实验将测试包括隐式论证、辅助词或非原型主题角色在内的关系是如何编码的，因为这些关系使我们能够研究概念和词汇因素的影响。研究结果将促进对将言语前信息映射到句法结构的机制的理解。它们将有助于指定概念化和功能编码的相关表示和过程，以便将它们整合到语言生产模型中。最后，从实验中得出的见解将用于巩固认知领域的相关语言概念。

Argument structure, the argument vs. adjunct distinction, and thematic roles are most relevant for the encoding of events, but there is little agreement on the definition of these concepts. The current proposal addresses these issues from a psycholinguistic perspective, focusing on the intersection of conceptualisation and formulation in sentence production. Structural priming experiments will help to dissociate the predictions based on a strictly incremental model of sentence production from predictions made by a lexicalist account. The assumption of strict incrementality entails the hypothesis that conceptual factors are the main determinants of linguistic encoding. Thus, lexical information has only little impact on formulation whereas the thematic hierarchy guides mapping of thematic roles onto syntactic functions. However, a referent that is salient, e.g., in discourse may be realised earlier than suggested by its thematic position. By contrast, a participant that is not focused might not be encoded at all and remain implicit. Structural persistence is expected to affect thematic relations in a way that resembles a contextual manipulation: It adds to the availability of a conceptual representation displaying an order of thematic roles that is incongruent with the thematic hierarchy. Lexicalist accounts claim that lexical information triggers the mapping of thematic roles onto syntactic functions. If structural priming targets lexical representations, there should be no effect in the case of conceptual similarity without lexical and syntactic similarity. Moreover, effects of verb repetition should be restricted to arguments. An effect of verb repetition that generalizes to structures with adjuncts points to a dynamic representation of the syntactic contexts in which the verb occurs. The proposed experiments will test how relations are encoded that include implicit arguments, adjuncts, or non-prototypical thematic roles, because these relations allow us to investigate the impact of conceptual and lexical factors. The results will promote the understanding of the mechanisms that map preverbal messages onto syntactic structures. They will help to specify relevant representations and processes of conceptualisation and functional encoding in order to integrate them into a model of language production. Finally, the insights drawn from the experiments will be used to consolidate the relevant linguistic notions in the cognitive domain.