Extreme events in the Holocene geological record of Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece) and their influence on man and environment - XTREME EVENTS

地貌系统中的极端事件（XE）引发了与不同高能过程相关的沉积和环境条件的突变。XE可能是暂时性的，会引起普遍条件的中断，或引起地质和生态系统的永久变化，从而强烈影响随后的景观演变。这种地貌危机可能会成为文化记录的明显转变甚至文化危机的催化剂。XE在沉积记录中留下了独特的标志层：使用现代多代理方法，我们试图检测它们的空间和时间维度，并通过地形学和地质考古证据，重建它们对景观演变和人造基础设施的具体影响。在科孚岛，已发表的数据提供了自古人类世以来发生的各种XE的证据，包括与暴雨径流和快速气候变化相关的水文XE和土壤侵蚀，与地震构造事件相关的同震地壳运动，以及由地震和海底物质运动引发的海啸。此外，极端风暴事件肯定至少在科孚岛暴露的西海岸的沉积记录中留下了痕迹。此外，作为科孚岛文化遗产的一部分，人类与环境的相互作用被记录在许多沉积档案中，这些档案中埋藏着全新世沉积物中的考古遗迹。这样的星群为在不同时空尺度的地形学、（地质）考古学和考古地震背景下开展基于多代理的地球科学调查提供了理想条件。全新世XE和环境突变的计划调查是基于明确的研究空白和详细的准备研究。XTREME EVENTS项目的主要目标是基于对沉积档案（如内陆极点、冲积平原和沿海地区）的XE的不同敏感性，识别和区分人为、气候、构造触发事件的信号。此外，将通过在适当的考古遗址（如古科孚岛的海港设施、房屋、公共建筑或寺庙地区）进行（地质）考古研究，评估所发现的地质灾害的总体特征——暂时的或持久的、干扰先前存在的过程或引发景观变化——的规模和强度及其对自然和文化景观的影响。该项目成立于2013-2017年，由第八史前和古典文物博物馆、希腊文化部和我们的研究小组共同合作。它将揭示地貌和文化危机之间的一般关系：科孚岛在过去的几千年里受到不同的XE的影响，为不同的沉积档案和长期的文化传统提供了理想的前提条件。

Extreme events (XE) in the geomorphological system trigger abrupt changes of sedimentary and environmental conditions associated to distinct high-energy processes. XE may be of temporary character and provoke an interruption of prevailing conditions or induce a permanent change of the geo- and ecosystem and thus strongly influence the subsequent landscape evolution. Such geomorphological crises may act as catalyser for distinct shifts in the cultural record and even cultural crises. XE leave distinct marker horizons in the sedimentary record: Using a modern multi-proxy approach, we seek to detect their spatial and temporal dimensions and, by geomorphological and geoarchaeological evidence, reconstruct their specific influence on landscape evolution as well as on man-made infrastructure. On Corfu, published data provide evidence of various XE that have occurred since the Palaeoanthropocene, comprising hydrological XE and soil erosion related to torrential runoff and rapid climate changes, co-seismic crustal movements bound to seismo-tectonic events, and tsunamis triggered by earthquakes and submarine mass movements. Also, extreme storm events must have left traces at least in the sedimentary record of the exposed west coast of Corfu. In addition, human-environmental interactions as part of the cultural heritage on Corfu are documented in many sedimentary archives where archaeological remains are embedded in Holocene deposits. Such a constellation offers ideal conditions for multi-proxy based geoscientific investigations in geomorphological, (geo-)archaeological and archaeoseismological contexts covering different spatial and temporal scales. The planned investigation of Holocene XE and abrupt environmental changes are based on well-defined research gaps and detailed preparatory studies. The main objective of the XTREME EVENTS project is to identify and discriminate between signals of human-induced, climatic, tectonically triggered events based on a different sensitiveness to XE of sedimentary archives such as inland poljes, alluvial plains and coastal zones. Moreover, the overall character - temporary or enduring, interfering pre-existing processes or triggering landscape changes -, dimension and intensity of detected XE and their influence on natural and cultural landscapes will be evaluated by integrating (geo-)archaeological studies in appropriate archaeological sites, such as harbour facilities, houses, public building or temple areas of ancient Corfu. The project founds on a joint venture (2013-2017) between the 8th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, the Greek Ministry of Culture and our research group. It will shed new light on the general relation between geomorphological and cultural crises: Corfu Island, having been subject to different XE during the past millennia, offers ideal preconditions regarding different sedimentary archives and a long-lasting cultural tradition.