Risks and adverse effects of meditation

在冥想研究中，注意力主要集中在积极的健康结果上。另一方面，冥想的风险和不利影响很难被认识到。正在进行的项目打算通过访谈和问卷调查来回答以下问题：哪些困难、挑战或不愉快的经历显然是由经常练习佛教或基于正念的冥想引发的？受试者如何解读这些经历？在处理这种经历时，哪些行动是有帮助的？关于人和/或冥想实践，哪些因素鼓励这种体验的发生；什么理论可以解释它们的发生？佛教冥想中心的负责人和以正念为基础的方法的提供者如何试图防止这种体验的发生？当这种体验发生时，这些负责人和提供者采取了什么行动？哪些行动有助于处理这种体验？卫生系统的高管们如何处理这样的经历？有这种经历的患者如何看待他们的治疗过程？由于这是早期的基础研究，定性方法被应用于项目的第一阶段(根据扎根的理论方法进行抽样、访谈和分析)。在该项目的第二阶段，将编制、分发和分析一份问卷，以检验定性结果是否得到定量数据的证实。对更大样本(一项评估)的相关性分析，为以正念为基础的干预措施(四个时间点的纵向评估)参与者的前瞻性研究提供了基础。在项目的第一阶段进行必要的方法调整会带来相当多的额外工作和所需时间。需要延长12个月的时间用于：(A)对收集的访谈数据进行归纳编码，以便进行确凿的复制尝试；(B)收集和分析扩展样本，以便达到理论饱和；(C)允许对参与者属性表进行额外管理和分析。

In meditation research, attention is directed primarily on positive health-outcomes. On the other hand, risks and adverse effects of meditation are hardly recognized. The ongoing project intends to answer the following questions using interviews and - based on that - a questionnaire survey: Which difficult, challenging, or unpleasant experiences are apparently triggered by regular practice of Buddhist or mindfulness-based meditation? How are these experiences interpreted by the subjects? Which actions are helpful in dealing with such experiences? Which factors, with regards to the person and/or meditation practice, encourage the occurrence of such experiences; what theory can explain their occurrence? How do people in charge of Buddhist meditation centers and providers of mindfulness-based methods try to prevent the occurrence of such experiences; what actions do those people in charge and providers take when such experiences occur, and which actions are helpful in dealing with such experiences? How do executives in the health system deal with such experiences? How do patients with such experiences see their course of treatment? Since this is early basic research, qualitative methods are applied in the first phase of the project (sampling, interviews, and analysis according to the grounded theory method). In the second phase of the project, a questionnaire will be developed, distributed and analyzed, in order to test whether the qualitative findings are corroborated by the quantitative data. The analysis of correlations in a larger sample (one assessment) provides the basis for a prospective study with participants of mindfulness-based interventions (longitudinal assessment at four points in time). Necessary methodological adjustments in the first phase of the project lead to considerable additional work and required time. The by 12 months extended duration is required for (a) an inductive coding of the collected interview data in order to allow a conclusive replication attempt; (b) collecting and analyzing an extended sample in order to allow theoretical saturation; (c) allowing the additional administration and analysis of a participant attributes form.