Framing Experiments. Visual Narratives in Humorous and Satirical German Periodicals and American Newspaper Comic Strips around 1900

这个子项目比较了1900年前后德国幽默和讽刺期刊上的视觉叙事与早期美国报纸漫画，后者深受欧洲幽默视觉叙事的影响，但也形成了自己的道路。通过对框架策略和效果的研究，将出现总体比较标准。在这里，“框架”的概念将从一些相互关联的角度来探讨。因此，该项目将研究各种形式的框架，既包括在图片故事中，也包括关于文本和文本的框架功能。在幽默和讽刺期刊以及报纸连环漫画的有趣视觉叙事的例子中，框架操作在不同层次上起作用：框架将个体图像彼此分离并构建视觉叙事；框架在图像中也很重要，特别是对于语音气泡和其他文本元素；文本对图像具有框架作用，反之亦然。幽默期刊和美国报纸漫画的语境为图画故事的呈现和接受提供了框架。这同样适用于副文本元素和结构：幽默的视觉叙事和连环画将被视为相关新闻背景中的元素；在这里，他们的周围因素和他们所出现的期刊特征起着至关重要的作用。在描述这些框架引导图片故事接受的方式时，流的概念是有用的。然而，该项目的指导假设之一是，即使是图画故事的制作也已经受到某些框架的影响- -特别是有关的出版格式和公共传播及其相关媒体的结构。这两种周期性的图画故事都要考虑到它们与时间的关系——既要考虑它们的“历史”参考，也要考虑它们的叙事时间结构。框架效应也通过单个故事与其他故事的连续和连续联系产生，无论是通过重复出现的人物还是通过情节模式的变化。最后，该项目将通过首次在期刊上发表的图画故事与书籍格式之间的关系来处理框架操作；在这里，我们将把美国连环画选集与在幽默期刊上发表的视觉叙事进行比较。该项目特别感兴趣的是幽默的视觉叙事和连环漫画中自我参照的有趣形式，特别是这些形式直接或间接地与他们自己的出版背景和框架条件相关。

This sub-project compares visual narratives in humorous and satirical German periodicals around 1900 with early American newspaper comic strips, which latter were heavily influenced by humorous European visual narratives, but also forged their own path. The overall criterion of comparison will emerge through an enquiry into framing strategies and effects. Here the notion of the 'frame' will be approached from a number of interlinked perspectives. The project will thus investigate various forms of framing, both within picture stories and with regard to the framing functions of peritexts and paratexts. In the examples of playful visual nar-ratives from humorous and satirical periodicals and of newspaper comic strips, framing operations are at work at various levels: frames separate individual images from one another and structure the visual narrative; frames are also important within images, particularly for speech bubbles and other textual elements; texts can fulfil a framing function in relation to images and vice versa. The peritexts in humorous periodicals and American newspaper comics serve to frame the presentation and reception of the picture stories. The same applies to paratextual elements and structures: humorous visual narratives and comic strips will be considered as elements within the relevant journalistic context; here their surrounding elements and the characteristics of the periodical in which they appear play a crucial role. In describing these ways in which frames serve to steer the reception of picture stories, the concept of flow is useful. One of the project's guiding hypotheses, however, is that even the production of picture stories is already shaped by certain frames - particularly those of the relevant publication format and the structures of public communication and their associated media. Both kinds of periodical picture story are to be examined with regard to their relation to time - both in the sense of their 'historical' references and their narrative temporal structure. Framing effects are also produced through the sequential and serial linking of individual stories to other stories, whether by means of recurring figures or through variations on plot patterns. Finally, the project will approach framing operations by way of the relations between picture stories first published in periodicals and the book format; here anthologies of American comic strips will be compared with practices of compiling visual narratives published in humorous periodicals. The project is particularly interested in playful forms of self-reference in humorous visual narratives and comic strips, particularly where these directly or indirectly relate to their own pub-lication context and the conditions which frame it.