A resilient city: The Republic of Venice in the 15th century

该项目的重点是15世纪威尼斯共和国的复原力。这种弹性可以归因于不同的因素和对不同类型问题的反应。在第一个供资期间，该项目集中于1335年成立的十人委员会，作为共和国的宪法机构，以确定危险并迅速避免危险。该项目将调查十国理事会识别脆弱性和破坏性事件的文化和政治框架，并为其行动辩护，指导其战略和塑造其资源。与此同时，该项目将考察十人议会在威尼斯权力等级中的地位，它在个别情况下是如何行动的，以及它所拥有的余地。该项目的时间框架跨越了被忽视的西吉斯蒙德贸易禁运（1412- 13,1418 -1433）的几十年，匈牙利国王和德国（后来的神圣罗马皇帝）对威尼斯的贸易实施禁运，以回应其扩张政策。尽管共和国面临着威胁其稳定的各种相互关联的挑战，但支持它的政治制度和贵族在危机中比以前更加强大。这给“威尼斯神话”增添了额外的可信度，将其锚定在历史记忆中。“威尼斯神话”美化了威尼斯的持久性，而忽视了威尼斯为保持政治弹性所做的努力。对这一神话和十国会议进行更仔细的研究，今天比以往任何时候都更有意义：十国会议的战略在禁运期间扩大到行政、司法和立法范围，包括审查、政治谋杀和监视其公民。该项目将探讨为什么威尼斯社会容忍这些措施，以及为什么它准备接受后果-例如由不信任形成的政治文化。一个论点是迫切需要的概念，它证明往往成为永久性的情况解决办法是合理的，在这个意义上，它与应付、调整和转变的过程密切相关。这一概念包括必要性、（基本）需要和紧急情况的语义范围，对这一概念的分析将延续到第二个供资期。该项目的这一部分将探讨必要性是如何在法律、哲学和政治文本中被思考的，以及在15世纪末和16世纪初的政治交流中被工具化的。它将使我们深入了解在正常和紧急之间的灰色地带的政治复原力的过程。

The focal point of the project is the resilience of the Republic of Venice in the fifteenth century. This resilience can be attributed to different factors and responses to different types of problems. In the first funding period, the project concentrates on the Council of Ten, which was established in 1335 as the Republic's constitutional body to identify dangers and quickly avert them. The project will inquire into the cultural and political framework that allowed the Council of Ten to identify vulnerabilities and disruptive events, and which justified its actions, guided its strategies and shaped its resources. At the same time, the project will examine the position of the Council of Ten within Venice's power hierarchy, how it acted in individual cases and the leeway it possessed. The temporal frame for the project spans the neglected decades of Sigismund's trade embargos (1412-13, 1418-1433), which the King of Hungary and Germany (and later Holy Roman Emperor) imposed on trade with Venice in response to its expansion policy. Although the Republic faced a variety of interrelated challenges that threatened its stability, the political system and the nobility that supported it emerged from the crisis stronger than before. This lent the "myth of Venice" - which glorified its persistence and overlooked its efforts to remain politically resilient - additional credence, anchoring it in historical memory. A closer examination of this myth and the Council of Ten more relevant today than ever: the strategies of the Council of Ten, which during the embargo years expanded to assume an executive, judiciary and legislative scope, included censorship, political murder and the surveillance of its citizens. The project will explore why Venetian society tolerated such measures and why it was ready to accept the consequences - such as a political culture shaped by mistrust. One argument was the idea of acute necessity (necessitas), which justified situative solutions that tended to become permanent and in this sense was closely associated with processes of coping, adjustment and transformation. The analysis of this concept, which comprised the semantic spectrum of necessity, (basic) needs and exigency, will extend into the second funding period. This part of the project will explore how necessitas was thought about in legal, philosophical and political texts and instrumentalised in political communication in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It will provide insight into processes of political resilience in the diffuse grey zone between normalcy and emergency.