WISE: Wave driven isentropic exchange

水汽、臭氧等微量气体和薄卷云在对流层上层和平流层下层（UTLS）分布的变化强烈影响辐射强迫。混合描述中的不确定性给辐射强迫的估计带来了很大的误差，因此对了解气候变化具有关键的重要性。因此，量化控制UTLS组成的物理和化学过程（例如气团交换、卷云形成）是非常重要的。380 K以上的所谓高空直接影响热带外平流层的组成，夏季来自亚洲季风环流的空气贡献很大。破碎的行星波将季风空气输送到温带UTLS，在那里它们有助于水分和示踪剂的收支。UTLS的下边界，热带外过渡层（ExTL）受到穿越对流层顶的双向（准等熵）混合的强烈影响。ExTL的上界与对流层顶逆温层（TIL）大致重合，构成对流层顶上方稳定性增强的区域。水蒸气和臭氧等辐射活性物质对温度结构的影响使TIL成为臭氧化学变化或对流层顶温度变化的敏感指标，对流层顶温度的变化直接影响水蒸气，水蒸气反过来反馈到静态稳定性。WISE将通过以下四个主要研究课题来研究UTLS的组成和动力结构之间的关系：对流层顶逆温层（TIL）的相互关系和混合过程对微量气体分布的影响-行星破波对水汽输送到热带外平流层下层的作用- UTLS中卤化物质对臭氧的作用-最下层平流层中亚可视卷云（SVC）的发生和影响这些目标具有新颖的有效载荷，结合了2D和3D示踪剂和温度测量，下降探头和高分辨率的最先进的原位痕量气体测量。一种独特的边缘和最低点遥感仪器组合将用于UTLS区域光学和垂直薄卷云的创新研究。高精度的原位观测提供了混合过程和示踪剂结构的详细信息，具有高空间分辨率。WISE将在9月和10月进行，从而直接测量季风衰减对温带UTLS的影响。基于拉格朗日模型和过程导向模型，将量化来自不同源区的空气的相对贡献，以及输送时间和混合过程。

Changes in the distributions of trace gases, like water vapor and ozone, and thin cirrus clouds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) strongly impact radiative forcing. Uncertainties in the description of mixing introduce large errors to the estimates of the radiative forcing and are thus of key importance for understanding climate change. It is therefore of great importance to quantify the physical and chemical processes (e.g. exchange of air masses, cirrus formation) that govern the composition of the UTLS. The so-called overworld above = 380 K influences directly the composition of the extra-tropical stratosphere with significant contributions of air originating from the Asian monsoon circulation during summer. Breaking planetary waves transport monsoon air to the extratropical UTLS where these contribute to the moisture and tracer budget. The lower boundary of the UTLS, the extra-tropical transition layer (ExTL) is strongly affected by bidirectional (quasi-isentropic) mixing across the tropopause. The upper bound of the ExTL roughly coincides with the tropopause inversion layer (TIL), which constitutes a region of enhanced stability above the tropopause. The impact of radiatively active species like water vapour and ozone on the temperature structure makes the TIL a sensitive indicator for changes of ozone chemistry or changes of tropopause temperatures which directly affect water vapour which in turn feeds back into the static stability. WISE will address the relation between composition and dynamical structure of the UTLS by focusing on the following four main research topics:- Interrelation of the tropopause inversion layer (TIL) and mxing processes on the trace gas distribution- Role of Planetary wave breaking for water vapor transport into the extra-tropical lower stratosphere - Role of halogenated species for ozone in the UTLS- Occurrence and effects of sub-visual cirrus (SVC) in the lowermost stratosphereWISE will addres these objectives with a novel payload combining 2D and 3D measurements of tracers and temperature, drop sondes and highly resolved state-of-the-art in-situ trace gas measurements. A unique combination of limb and nadir remote sensing instruments will be used for innovative studies of optically and vertically thin cirrus clouds in the UTLS region. High-precision in-situ observations provide detailed information on mixing processes and tracer structure with high spatial resolution.WISE will take place in Spetember and October and thus directly measure the impact of the decaying monsoon on the extratropical UTLS. Based on Lagrangian and process oriented models the relative contribution of air from different source regions as well as well as transport times and mixing processes will be quantified.