The Anachronism in Ovid's Metamorphoses as a literary technique

《Verständennis für die hyst kunst findet man Nur in der City》--因此，一位已故共和国罗马人在布莱希特的《凯撒的母亲》一书中结束了一场关于艺术的辩论。现代艺术的概念和“城市”一词都令人不安：它们揭示了一种时代性的矛盾，一种不合时宜的东西。这样的现象很常见，从西方时代开始就出现在文学中：例如荷马的青铜时代的英雄们使用铁器战斗，骑士浪漫中的古代英雄表现得像中世纪的骑士，席勒的巴特勒谈论避雷针，尽管它甚至还没有被发明(PICC)。I，2)。这个项目旨在说明在奥维德的《变形记》中，时代错误是一种非常富有成效的诗歌艺术形式。这首诗特别适合于这一目标，不仅是因为奥维德用拉丁语描述了希腊神话，并向他的罗马观众发表了这些神话，而且因为它是在罗马共和国末期和奥古斯都统治初期发生的大规模政治和文化变革中写成的。在内战胜利后，奥古斯都宣布了一个新的黄金时代的曙光，并引入了一种解释历史的方法，在这种方法中，过去的事件被认为是迈向当前完美时代的必要步骤。虽然这在贺拉斯和维吉尔的诗歌中构成了一幅画卷，但出生在一代人之后的奥维德可以将他和平一生的成就视为理所当然，并因此质疑这种意识形态并发展自己的观点。这项研究的目标是：(1)对大量的时代错误进行系统的调查和分析；(2)对时代错误进行理论上的优化定义；(3)将研究结果作为诗歌叙事结构的重要组成部分和史诗整体的重要组成部分来解释。本研究的方法基础是利用叙事学发展的分析范畴来改进关于时代错误的经常不明确的术语。然而，这一方法必须通过考虑虚构性和时间性理论来补充。这种细致入微的分析旨在对特定的叙事情境进行明确的识别。在这样做的过程中，经常被个别注意到的时代错误可以通过将它们分配到特定的类别来组织。尽管将整体研究结果解读为美学技巧将结束这项研究，但这意味着开始对这一主题进行差异化的讨论。由于这一主题的多样性，似乎有必要与合作伙伴进行超越学科界限的合作。重要的刺激将来自于2016年10月14日至15日在德累斯顿举行的Kleine Mommsenagung，该会议涵盖了与时代不合时宜的主题，涉及古典古董的所有学科的贡献。此外，正在考虑与德累斯顿当地的艺术收藏家合作。

"Verständnis für die moderne Kunst findet man nur in der City" - thus a debate on art is concluded by a Roman of the Late Republic in Brecht's "Die Geschäfte des Herrn Julius Caesar". Both the idea of modern art and the term 'City' are unsettling: They reveal a temporal inconsistency, an anachronism. Phenomena like this are quite common and they appear in literature since the begin-ning of its Western times: The Bronze Age heroes of Homer for example fight with iron weapons, ancient heroes in chivalric romance behave like medieval knights and Schiller's Buttler talks about a lightning rod, although it hasn't even been invented yet (Picc. I,2). This project intends to illustrate that in Ovid's "Metamorphoses" anachronism is a very productive form of the poetic art. The poem is especially suitable for this objective not only because Ovid describes Greek myths in Latin language and addresses them to his Roman audience but also because it was written during massive political and cultural changes that took place at the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of Augustus' reign. After his victory in the civil war Augustus proclaimed the dawn of a new golden age and introduced a way of interpreting history, in which events in the past are considered necessary steps towards the current perfect era. While this is a constitutive picture in Horace's and Virgil's poetry, Ovid, born a generation later, can take the achievements of his peaceful lifetime for granted and can, due to that, question this ideology and develop his own point of view. As goals of this project are: (1) the methodical investigation and analysis of the numerous anachronisms using a (2) theoretically optimized definition of an anachronism and lastly (3) interpreting the findings both as an essential part of the poem's narrative structure and as a substantial component in the epic as a whole The methodical basis of this study is to improve the oftentimes unclear terminology regarding anachronisms using the analytical categories developed by narratology. This approach, however, has to complemented by taking into account theories of fictionality and temporality as well. This nuanced analysis aims at an unambiguous identification within the given narrative situations. In doing so, the anachronisms that have often been noticed individually can be organized by distributing them to specific categories. Although an interpretation of the overall findings as an aesthetic technique will conclude the study, it is meant to start of a differentiated discussion on the topic. Due to the diversity of this subject it seems necessary to cooperate with partners beyond disciplinary boundaries. Important stimuli will arise from the 'Kleine Mommsentagung' which takes place at Dresden from 14 to 15 October 2016 and covers the subject of Anachronism by contributions from all disciplines dealing with Classical antiquity. Furthermore, a cooperation with the local art collection in Dresden is being considered.