The position of adverbials in German clause structure: on the interaction of global and specific constraints

最近的研究认为，德语中状语（PP、ADV）的顺序约束可以针对不同的状语类制定特定的条件。句法论证只作为锚点相关，因此可以识别状语位置。虽然一些研究者假设了实际的基础位置，但也有人提出，顺序约束只是相对施加的，即在不同类别的状语之间。通过本项目第一阶段的理论研究、基于语料库的研究和实验研究，我们得出结论，状语的顺序约束应该被定义为状语特定约束（例如事件内部状语的回指条件）和全局约束之间的相互作用，即同样适用于论点和形容词的约束（例如[+animate]在[-animate]之前的条件），这将适用于状语介词的名义补语)。所进行的调查也为事件外部和过程相关的状语提供了新的研究场所。对于前者，第一项目阶段的调查对状语类的概念本身提出了质疑，因为个体成员表现出不同的词序偏好，并且出现在主语和宾语的前面和后面的各种位置。一个可能的原因可能是所选择的类成员（时间pp和伴随环境的pp）不能归类为原型，另一个原因可能与所使用的实验设计有关。因此，我们提出了分析的双重扩展：一方面是状语类成员的扩展，另一方面是引入一个实验设计，允许在相同的设置中确定关于主体和客体的偏好。过程相关状语的调查表明，不同的实现（PPs，副词）必须包括在一个全面的分析。有趣的是，传统的研究主要集中在副词上，而我们研究的是PPs。因此，对于该项目的第二阶段，我们建议对与工艺相关的PPs和副词进行综合处理。通过这种方式，我们也能够解决一个理论问题，即操作的使用，这对链相同的结构产生了不同的分析。这样的操作阻碍了经验证伪策略，因为有可能提出“总是其他结构”在这里是相关的。这个问题不仅存在于过程相关状语的分析中，也存在于事件外状语的分析中。结合为不同类别开发的诊断方法，我们提出了一种实验设计，该设计不仅可以跨越链相同操作的验证差距，而且可以在全局和特定约束的基础上对状语类的顺序约束进行统一分析。

Recent research assumes that order constraints for adverbials (PP, ADV) in German can be formulated in specific conditions for different adverbial classes. Syntactic arguments are only relevant as anchors, so that adverbial positions can be identified. While some researchers assume actual base positions, others propose that order constraints are only imposed relatively, i.e. between adverbials of different classes.Through the theoretical, corpus-based and experimental investigations in the first stage of this project, we have come to the conclusion that order constraints for adverbials should be defined as interactions between constraints specific for adverbials (as e.g. an anaphoricity condition on event-internal adverbials), and global constraints, i.e. constraints that hold equally well for arguments and adjuncts (as e.g. the condition that [+animate] precedes [–animate], which would hold for the nominal complement of an adverbial preposition).The investigations carried out also suggest new research venues for event-external and process-related adverbials. With regard to the former, the investigations of the first project stage cast doubt on the very concept of the adverbial class, since individual members show different word order preferences, and also appear in a variety of positions in front of and behind the subject and object. A possible reason might be that the class members chosen (temporal PPs and PPs of concomittant circumstance) cannot be classified as prototypes, another reason might have to do with the experimental design used. We thus propose a twofold extension of the analysis: on the one hand an extension of the adverbial class members, and on the other the introduction of an experimental design which allows the determination of preference with regard to the subject and object in the same setting. The investigation of process-related adverbials makes it clear that the different realisations (PPs, adverbs) must be included in a comprehensive analysis. Interestingly, the research tradition has focused on adverbs, while we have looked at PPs. For the second stage of this project, we thus propose an integrated treatment of process-related PPs and adverbs. In this way, we are also able to address a theoretical problem, viz. the use of operations, which yield different analyses for chain-identical structures. Such operations block empirical falisification strategies, because it might be possible to propose that it is 'always the other structure' that is relevant here. This problem is present not only in the analysis of process-related but also of event-external adverbials. Combining the diagnostics developed for the different classes, we are proposing an experimental design which should not only get across the falisification gap of chain-identical operations, but also yields a unified analysis of the order constraints for the adverbial classes on the basis of global and specific constraints.