Entangled Revolutions. The Russian Factor in the Young Turk Movement

“跨大陆旅行”项目已经确定了跨大陆动态的流动性作为一个研究需求。在这个框架下，“纠缠的革命”项目。“青年土耳其人运动中的俄罗斯因素”旨在为俄罗斯-奥斯曼帝国纠缠的历史做出贡献，主要关注项目大纲中描述的“移民的相互过程”和“知识和思想的流通”方面。该项目要研究的具体案例是奥斯曼帝国晚期青年土耳其运动的主角，即反对奥斯曼苏丹阿卜杜勒·<s:1>勒哈米德二世的政治反对运动。（1876-1909年），其中包括不同种族、社会和宗教背景的活动家，他们为了建立1908年实现的宪政制度的共同目标而团结在一起。这些年轻的土耳其人——鞑靼人和亚美尼亚人一样——来自高加索和外高加索，克里米亚或伏尔加-乌拉尔地区，但在俄罗斯-奥斯曼边境两侧都是活跃的记者和革命者。该项目旨在调查他们的俄罗斯背景——他们的教育以及俄罗斯沙皇统治的个人和集体经历——如何影响这些政治行动者的思想和行动。它询问了他们对奥斯曼帝国的具体希望和期望，因为他们的俄罗斯背景。它进一步考察了他们把什么冲动带回到俄罗斯统治的原籍地区。这个整体问题将从四个方面进行考察：首先，鞑靼人和亚美尼亚革命者的跨帝国网络和跨越奥斯曼-俄罗斯边界的流动性，以及超越欧洲和北非流亡地的流动性。其次，探究思想史，他们的俄罗斯血统——个人接触、阅读、教育、经历或事件——对这些主角的政治思想和优先事项的影响，以及他们的地理参考框架，因此可能不同于他们来自奥斯曼帝国的同志。第三，关于政治实践，可能采用俄罗斯启发的政治组织、风格或自我代表模式，以及各群体（奥斯曼或俄罗斯土耳其人/鞑靼人和奥斯曼或俄罗斯亚美尼亚人）之间的相互关系和相互作用。第四，在奥斯曼帝国的遭遇和经历对通勤者或返回俄罗斯王国的思想的影响。这项研究的主要来源将是青年土耳其人的主角们自己的作品：一方面是他们的回忆录和信件交流，更重要的是，另一方面是他们在报纸上发表的大量作品，这些报纸用俄语、奥斯曼语、亚美尼亚语、鞑靼语、阿塞拜疆语和法语印刷。

The Project "Transottomanica" has identified transcontinental dynamics of mobility as a research desideratum. Within this framework, the project "Entangled Revolutions. The Russian Factor in the Young Turk Movement" aims to make a contribution to a Russian-Ottoman entangled history, focusing primarily on the aspects of "reciprocal processes of migration" and "circulation of knowledge and ideas" described in the Project's outline. The specific case to be studied in the project are the protagonists of the Young Turk movement in the late Ottoman Empire, i.e. the political opposition movement against the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II. (r. 1876-1909) that included activists of different ethnic, social and religious background united by their common goal of establishing a constitutional regime achieved in 1908. Many of these Young Turks - Tatars and Armenians alike - came from the Caucasus and Transcaucasus, the Crimea or the Volga-Ural region, but were active as journalists and revolutionaries on both sides of the Russian-Ottoman border. The project aims to investigate how their Russian background - their education as well as individual and collective experience of Russian Tsarist rule - may have influenced these political actors' thinking and actions. It asks about their specific hopes and expectations regarding the Ottoman Empire given their Russian background. It further examines what impulses they brought back to their Russian-ruled regions of origin. This overall question is to be examined regarding four aspects: First, the Tatar and Armenian revolutionaries' transimperial networks and mobility across the Ottoman-Russian borders and beyond to the European and North African places of exile. Second, inquiring the intellectual history, the impact of their Russian origin - personal contacts, readings, education, experiences or events - on these protagonists' political thought and priorities as well as their geographical reference framework, thus possibly differing from their comrades originating from the Ottoman Empire. Thirdly, concerning the political practice, possible adoptions of Russian-inspired modes of political organization, style or self-representation, as well as mutual relations and interactions between the various groups (Ottoman or Russian Turks / Tatars and Ottoman or Russian Armenians). Fourth, the influences of the encounters and experiences in the Ottoman Empire on the ideas of the commuters or returnees to the Russian realms. The main sources for the study will be the writings of the Young Turk protagonists themselves: on the one hand their memoirs and exchange of letters, and, more importantly, on the other hand their numerous writings published in the newspapers the founded and directed, printed in Russian, Ottoman, Armenian, Tatar, Azeri and French.