The key physical-chemical processes determining the Composition and Temperature of (exo)planetary atmospheres

描述太阳系外行星的大气是系外行星科学的一个新领域，因此依赖于观测和解释工具包。该项目将制定一项新的战略，以解决当前系外行星大气研究中的一个关键问题：什么是以及如何确定系外行星的大气成分和温度的关键化学和物理过程？因此，主要目标是评估将行星大气的不同物理和化学机制纳入并结合到预测中是否可以导致对行星大气的全面理解，将观测视为验证评估的关键。到目前为止，这些问题还没有得到很好的理解，因为观测数据仍然太少，目前的不确定性和成分的来源在很大程度上尚未探索，最后，模型受到物理和化学处理的限制，缺乏准确的预测。该项目将侧重于五个不同层次的理解：（1）将现有的行星大气工具扩展到系外行星，将关键的物理和化学纳入模型;（2）重新分析档案数据，并利用现有和不久的将来的设施，通过新的光谱观测来探测大气层-包括VLT/CRIRES+提供的更高的灵敏度和同时更广泛的光谱范围，我们使用保证的时间-采用降噪、大地校正分析和搜索数据中弱特征的算法;（3）将观测与模型进行比较，以研究哪些物理和化学过程最重要;（4）确定观测到的明确选定样品的成分和温度分布;（5）建立一个太阳系外行星大气选定理论光谱的综合模板库。该项目的多学科性质很强，涉及到完善的天文、物理、化学和计算工具和算法的结合。

Characterizing the atmospheres of extrasolar planets is a new frontier in exoplanetary science, and as such is dependent on observations and interpretation toolkits. This project will develop a novel strategy for addressing a key question in current exoplanetary atmospheric research: what are and how do the key chemical and physical processes determine the atmospheric composition and temperature of exoplanets? Hence, the main objective is to assess if the inclusion and combination of the different physical and chemical mechanisms of planetary atmospheres into the predictions can lead to a comprehensive understanding of planetary atmospheres, considering observations as a key to validation assessment. These issues have only been poorly understood so far, because observational data is still too sparse, present sources of uncertainties and compositions are largely unexplored, and, finally, models are limited by the physical and chemical treatment and lack of accurate predictions. The project will focus on five different levels of understanding: (1) Extending existing planetary atmospheric tools to exoplanets to incorporate the key physics and chemistry into the model; (2) re-analysing archival data as well as detecting atmospheres by new spectroscopic observations with current and near-future facilities -- including higher sensitivity and simultaneous wider coverage of the spectral range offered by VLT/CRIRES+, for which we use guaranteed time-- employing noise reduction, telluric correction analysis and algorithms for searching weak signatures in the data; (3) comparing the observations with the models to investigate which physical and chemical processes are most important; (4) determining the composition and temperature profiles of the observed well-defined selected samples; (5) generating a comprehensive library of templates of selected theoretical spectra of extrasolar planetary atmospheres. The multidisciplinary nature of the project is strong, involving a combination of well-developed astronomical, physical, chemical and computational tools and algorithms.