Phylogenetic pattern and functional morphology of the musculo-skeletal architecture of the shoulder girdle in frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura)

在现存的物种中，青蛙的肩带已经进化成了令人惊叹的各种肌肉骨骼结构。以前的研究通常只涉及骨骼成分，而忽略了硬组织(骨、软骨)和肌肉系统之间的紧密联系。功能研究主要集中在跳跃背景下的骨盆腰带和后肢。肩带骨骼、腰带肌肉系统和各种结构的功能作用在很大程度上仍不清楚，特别是与特定物种首选的运动模式有关。我们编制了一个大的、经过精心挑选的物种样本，以涵盖无尾两栖动物内广泛的分类学范围，并代表主要的形态肩带结构以及运动模式和身体尺寸。解剖设计被描述，分支编码为字符，并在它们的几何形态形状上进行比较。青蛙的脊椎系统学有助于重建结构复合体的无尾两栖动物内部进化。在给定的系统发育的基础上，我们还希望发现来自远亲谱系的青蛙物种之间的趋同。形状和角色状态将根据运动类型进行评估。从形态分析得到的识别和标定的主要结构体系中，我们选取了将进行多体动力学和有限元分析的结构实例，以评估其构件在模拟载荷下的可能功能。

The shoulder girdle of frogs has evolved into an astonishing variety of musculoskeletal architectures among the extant species. Previous studies commonly addressed the bony components only, whereas the tight link between the hard-tissue (bone, cartilage) and musculature has been neglected. Functional studies have focused mostly on the pelvic girdle and hindlimbs in the context of jumping. The functional role of the shoulder girdle skeleton, girdle musculature and the various architectures remains largely unknown, especially in relation to the preferred locomotor mode of a given species. We compile a large, judiciously selected species sample in order to cover a broad taxonomic range within the Anura and to represent the major morphological shoulder girdle architectures as well as locomotor modes and body sizes. Anatomical designs are described, coded cladistically as characters, and compared in their geometric-morphometric shape. A backbone phylogeny of frogs serves to reconstruct the within-Anura evolution of the structural complex. On the basis of the given phylogeny we also expect to uncover convergences among frog species from distantly related lineages. Shape and character states will be evaluated in relation to locomotor types. From among the identified and demarcated major structural architectures, that arise from the analysis of morphology, we pick example architectures, that will be subjected to multibody dynamic and finite-element analysis in order to assess the possible functions of their components under simulated load.