From hunting and fishing to herding: strategies of adaptation among forest-steppe populations of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve (Western Siberia) during the 2nd millennium BC basing on bioarchaeological research

人们如何改变他们的经济？在欧亚大陆中部，特别是欧亚草原带的北方边界，社会最重要的适应之一是在青铜时代从狩猎采集经济向畜牧经济的转变。目前正在进行的德俄生物考古学研究项目对这一转变的不同假设进行了研究，该项目的重点是分析稳定同位素，以重建饮食和流动模式的变化。西西伯利亚三个微区域的遗址提供了比较不同生态但同样文化适应过程的可能性。这些遗址提供了大量有据可查的坟墓组合和定居点，涵盖了第三世纪末到第二世纪初。公元前晚克罗托沃和安德罗诺沃文化的形成代表了一个时代的重大转变与移民从草原到森林steppe.First稳定同位素数据的结果表明相当大的转变饮食时相比，早期和中期青铜时代。这关系到后期克罗托沃的个人，甚至更多的是安德罗诺沃情结的个人。我们注意到饮食的分化，这类似于早期的狩猎-采集-渔民经济模式，以及一种新的饮食形式，表明食物来自包括草原生物群落在内的更广泛地区的动物。我们应用δ 13 C和δ 15 N同位素分析来重建人类和动物的饮食和饮食变化。在西伯利亚，我们还首次使用了牙釉质的锶（87 Sr/86 Sr）和氧同位素（δ 18 O）组成的组合来评估与不同饮食群体相关的移动模式。另一个新的新奇是使用现代动物粪便来重建可能的牧场。在合作项目的第三年，我们将详细探索所获得的数据，并在国际期刊上发表一系列出版物。在详细分析时，巴拉巴森林草原、额尔齐斯河谷和鄂毕河河谷的不同区域环境是如何发挥作用的？各自人口中的哪一部分适应了维持传统饮食方式的新型畜牧经济做法？为了探索这一点，必须整合所有可用的数据。我们将深入研究站点内部的差异，这是目前为三个站点建立的。应扩展使用贝叶斯混合模型FRUITS的第一个结果。我们将建立更精确的年表的Andronovo数据集的基础上ovicaprid骨不容易淡水水库的影响。来自相同复合物的人类骨骼将有助于在放射性碳年代测定中分解这些影响。各个墓地的版本和GIS分析对于将同位素簇与埋葬实践和埋葬礼物（包括动物礼物）的其他方面相关联非常重要。

How do people change their economy? One of the most important adaptations of societies in the central parts of Eurasia and particularly at the northern frontier of the Eurasian steppe belt was the transition from a hunter-gatherer to a pastoral economy during the Bronze Age. The different hypothesis regarding this transition are studied by the ongoing German-Russian research project with a bioarchaeological research agenda focusing on the analysis of stable isotopes to reconstruct changes in diets and mobility pattern.Sites from three micro-regions in Western Siberia offer the possibility to compare different ecological but likewise cultural adaptation processes. These sites provided large sets of well documented grave assemblages and settlements, which cover the late 3rd to early 2nd mill. BC. The Late Krotovo and Andronovo cultural formations represent an epoch of significant transformations associated with migrations from the steppe into the forest steppe.First results of stable isotope data indicate considerable shifts in diets when compared to the Early and Middle Bronze Age. This concerns individuals of the Late Krotovo and even more those of the Andronovo complex. We notice a differentiation into diets, which resemble earlier patterns of hunter-gatherer-fisher economy, as well as a new form of diet that indicates food obtained from animals that were fed in a wider area including steppe biomes. They reflect a population with more shares of a pastoral economy.We apply δ13C and δ15N isotope analyses to reconstruct diets and dietary shifts for humans and animals. First time in Siberia we also use a combination of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) composition of tooth enamel to assess mobility pattern associated with different dietary groups. Another methodological novelty is the use of modern animal faeces to reconstruct possible pastures for.In the third year of the joint project we will explore the data obtained in detail and edit it with a series of publications in international journals. How did the different regional settings of the Baraba forest steppe, the Irtysh valley and the Ob valley environmental settings play out, when analysed in detail? Which part of the respective populations adapted to the new type of pastoral economic practices, which sustained traditional foodways? To explore this, all available data must be integrated. We will delve into the intra-site differentiations, which were by now established for three sites. The first results using the Bayesian mixing model FRUITS shall be expanded. We will establish more precise chronology for the Andronovo data set basing on ovicaprid bones not prone to freshwater reservoir effects. Human bones from the same complexes will help to breakdown these effects in radiocarbon dates. The edition and GIS analysis of the respective cemeteries are important to correlate the isotopic clusters with other aspects in burial practices and burial gifts, including animal offers.