Competing heuristics and biases in mental arithmetic

与解决像“1+2”这样的简单算术问题看起来容易不同，最近大量的研究揭示了心算中的启发式和偏差。“操作动量”（OM）效应指的是沿着假想的“心理数轴”向结果移动时明显的超调。OM的起源目前正在争论中。三个创新的系列实验探讨了启发式和偏差对OM的相对贡献。A部分和B部分考察了OM的方向性和非方向性特征，以查明空间认知和定量认知之间的相互作用。C部分研究了不同阅读习惯和算术问题符号的影响，以评估所提出的模型在不同文化中的普遍性。该项目将澄清当前关于OM起源的研究，通过添加操作数顺序和阅读方向偏差来增强最近提出的模型，并将人类思维的“启发式和偏差”方法扩展到（显然）理性数学认知领域。它还将通过提高任务难度，为算术技能的教学和康复提供信息。

In contrast with the apparent ease of solving simple arithmetic problems such as “1+2”, a large number of recent studies have revealed heuristics and biases in mental arithmetic. The “operational momentum” (OM) effect refers to an apparent overshoot while moving along a hypothetical “mental number line” towards the results. The origin of OM is currently under debate. Three innovative series of experiments probe the relative contributions of heuristics and biases to OM. Parts A and B examine directional and non-directional features of OM to pinpoint interactions between spatial and quantitative cognition. Part C investigates the influence of different reading habits and notations of arithmetic problems to assess the generality of the proposed model across cultures. This project will clarify current research on the origin of OM, augment the recently proposed model by adding operand order and reading direction biases, and extend the well-established “heuristics and biases” approach to human thought into the domain of (apparently) rational mathematical cognition. It will also inform the teaching and rehabilitation of arithmetic skills by enabling better-graded task difficulty.