Forced labour as a shifting global category: classification, comparison and meanings of work in the International Labour Organization (ILO), 1919 – 2017.

这一提议以知识社会学的方法探讨了强迫劳动的全球含义的变化。我们使用国际劳工组织（ILO）作为经验对象来分析这些变化，因为它自1919年以来一直关注强迫劳动作为一个国际组织，并从那时起，它已经大大塑造了关于这一主题的话语。在1920年代，劳工组织将强迫劳动描述为一种殖民现象，而今天，它被视为世界劳动力市场的一个问题，并被置于全球社会不平等的背景下。在《工作基本原则和权利宣言》（1998年）中，国际劳工组织宣布消除强迫劳动是一项基本的工作权利。劳工组织第一次追求从政治上打击强迫劳动的目标，强调重新定位。与此同时，劳工组织将其观察手段扩大到强迫劳动的量化、统计分类、全球估计和通过指标进行衡量。我们要问的是，在这两种情况下，强迫劳动的含义有哪些连续性和断裂，这种联系迄今为止还没有被社会学研究所解决。我们对这个项目的具体贡献是从知识社会学的角度来研究强迫劳动的意义的连续性和断裂。这些在潜在的全球知识秩序中被具体化和客观化。在全球历史社会学的新研究思路下，我们的目标是在两个定性案例研究的基础上进行探索：第一，强迫劳动作为帝国背景下的一个类别的历史性，第二，它目前的全球状况。我们假设1919年至2017年之间强迫劳动的分类和重新分类过程嵌入在不同的社会配置中。在此期间，强迫劳动的范畴经历了从一个特定的欧洲以外的问题演变为一个全球性问题。根据我们的假设，这一参照领域的转变使得几十年来一直被排除在外的强迫劳动的就业领域得以开放。为了从知识社会学的角度探讨这一结构，我们提出了一种基于比较理论的方法。这使我们能够分析强迫劳动的分类，作为历史和偶然的排序方式，区分相似性和差异性，也使我们能够理解如何在指标和衡量方面比较强迫劳动。根据这一提议，我们建议探讨当前工作世界中一个重要和有争议的现象，迄今为止，这一现象尚未被承认为社会学研究主题，无论是在工作和不平等的社会学中，还是在全球化的社会学中。

This proposal explores shifting global meanings of forced labour with an approach of sociology of knowledge. We use the International Labour Organization (ILO) as empirical object to analyse these shifts, since it has been concerned with forced labour as an international organization since 1919 and since then it has drastically shaped the discourse on this topic. While during the 1920s forced labour was described by the ILO as a colonial phenomenon, today it is considered as a problem of the world labour market and it is placed in the context of global social inequalities. In the „Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work“ (1998), the ILO declared the elimination of forced labour as a basic right of work. For the first time, the ILO pursues the goal to politically combat forced labour, which stresses a re- orientation. At the same time, the ILO expanded its means of observation to the quantification of forced labour, its statistical categorization, global estimate and measurement through indicators. We ask which continuities and ruptures in the meanings of forced labour can be observed in both configurations.Up to now, this connection has not been addressed by sociological studies. Our specific contribution with this project is to investigate the continuities and ruptures in the meanings of forced labour from a perspective of sociology of knowledge. These are crystallized and objectified in potentially global orders of knowledge. Following new research strands in global historical sociology, we aim at exploring on the basis of two qualitative case studies first the historicity of forced labour as a category in the imperial context and second its current global situation.We assume that the classification and reclassification processes of forced labour between 1919 and 2017 are embedded in different societal configurations. During this period, the category of forced labour has experienced a metamorphosis from a particular extra-European toward a global problem. This shift in the field of reference – following our hypothesis – allows opening the area of employment for forced labour, from which it has been excluded for decades.In order to explore this configuration from a perspective of sociology of knowledge, we suggest an approach based on theories of comparison. This enables us to analyse the classification of forced labour as historical and contingent way of ordering and differentiation between similarity and difference, but also to understand how forced labour can be compared with regard to indicators and measurement.With this proposal we suggest exploring a significant and contested phenomenon within the current world of work, which up to now did not receive recognition as a sociological topic of research, neither in the sociology of work and inequality, nor in the sociology of globalization.