Success, limits and failure of subsistence strategies in eastern Central Europe during the early Gravettian and the Last Glacial Maximum

早期的Gravettian，接近。33 - 29 ka，是一个文化和人口繁荣的时期，通过连接欧洲大片地区狩猎采集社区的远距离通信网络进行了密集的思想交流。在29 ka后的格拉维特晚期，气温和太阳辐射的持续下降最终引发了北方和中欧人口集群的崩溃。与格拉维特晚期不断恶化的环境条件相反，末次盛冰期（LGM; 26，5 - 19 ka）是一个凉爽但相对稳定的温度时期。在下奥地利州的克雷姆斯地区，高质量的早期格拉维特阶和末次冰期遗址的密度非常高，使其成为对两个时期之间的生存策略、土地利用模式和可能的适应性变化进行历时比较的关键地区。作为不同专业（旧石器时代考古学，地球化学，地理学等）的研究小组的一部分。在一个正在进行的D-A-CH项目中，申请人（K. Pasda）负责根据下奥地利州项目相关地点的动物遗骸调查研究问题。为了确定生态系统可能的基于气候的变化，从而适应生存策略的迹象，申请人的调查集中在四个主题上：1。物种的存在、不存在和部分（确定Kammern-Grubgraben巨大骨考古材料的选定材料，并纳入项目相关地点的数据），2.通过啃咬（样品分析）间接指示某些物种的存在或不存在，3.骨材料的同位素组成（与项目伙伴密切合作），4.季节测定（牙齿年代学、牙齿薄片、鹿角、种群结构）。由于Covid 19旅行限制，无法遵守当前项目的时间表。因此，延长骨考古部分项目是必要的，因为骨考古结果和为项目合作伙伴的分析提供确定的材料对于整个D-A-CH项目的成功至关重要。中期结果提供了有希望的结果，特别是Kammern-Grubgraben的网站。这些结果导致的假设进行检查，并可能提供洞察早期Gravettian和LGM之间的变化。在旅行限制期间，一本关于两种相关狐狸物种分化的手册已经开发出来。为了以合格和适当的方式完成这项调查，有必要采用全球公认的几何形态测量方法进行分析。

The early Gravettian, approx. 33-29 ka, was a period of cultural and demographic prosperity and intensive exchange of ideas through long-distance communication networks connecting hunter-gatherer communities in large areas of Europe. During the late Gravettian, after 29 ka, a continued decline in temperatures and solar insolation eventually triggered a breakdown of population clusters in Northern and Central Europe. In contrast to the deteriorating environmental conditions of the late Gravettian, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 26,5-19 ka) was a period of cool but comparatively stable temperatures. In the region of Krems, Lower Austria, the density of high-quality early Gravettian and LGM sites is remarkably high, making it a key region for a diachronic comparison of subsistence strategies, land-use patterns, and possible adaptive changes between the two periods. As part of a group of researchers of different specializations (Palaeolithic Archaeology, Geochemistry, Geography, etc.) in a running D-A-CH-project, the applicant (K. Pasda) is responsible for the investigation of research questions based on faunal remains of project relevant sites in Lower Austria. To identify possible climate-based changes of the ecosystem and so indications of adaption of subsistence strategies, the investigation of the applicant focusses on four topics: 1. presence, absence, and portion of species (determination of selected material of the huge osteoarchaeological material of Kammern-Grubgraben and inclusion of data of the project relevant sites), 2. indirect indication to presence or absence of certain species by attendance of gnawing (analysis of samples), 3. isotope composition of osteological material (in close cooperation with project partners), 4. seasonal determination (odontochronology, thin sectioning of teeth, antler, population structure). Due to the Covid19-travel restrictions, the time schedule of the current project could not be kept. A prolongation of the osteoarchaeological partial project therefore is necessary as the osteoarchaeological results and the supply of determined material for the analysis of the project partners is essential for the success of the whole D-A-CH-project. Interim results provide promising results especially to the site of Kammern-Grubgraben. These results lead to hypotheses to be checked and may give insight in changes between the Early Gravettian and the LGM. During the time of the travel restriction a manual about the differentiation of two related fox species has been developed. To finalise this investigation in a qualified and appropriate way, analyses with the method of the worldwide accepted Geometric Morphometric are necessary.