The contribution of bishops to the development of canon law by the middle of the 12th century

中世纪早期主教们的贡献--即在中世纪欧洲科学法学复兴和12世纪下半叶主教管辖权下放给教会官方法院之前--对教会法的发展非常重要。自教会最早期以来，法律和正义的传播是其官方地位和职责的中心任务的一部分，可以通过大量的书面文件来重建。它们的起源可以归因于这样一个事实，即主教作为教会法官和教区行政首长，不能利用当局颁布的实在法，而必须依靠私人倡议创建的教会法集，为当前的司法问题找到解决方案。主教们不仅通过制定和批准conciliar法令来促进法律的制定，而且还通过向其教区的神职人员和平信徒制定法律的规则，称为capitula episcoporum，教会法在中世纪的发展，教会法的使用，首先分析了教会法的使用，教会法的使用，教会法的使用在实践中，出现在精通法律的主教的信件和专家报告中，为他们的同事和其他神职人员，国王和权贵提供建议，随后的项目也将寻找与该时期现有或新出现的教会法收藏的联系。本研究将基于我对11世纪法国北方三位主教（沙特雷斯的富尔贝、康布雷的热拉尔、阿拉斯的兰伯特）的两次现有研究以及我关于兰斯主教欣克马尔与拉翁主教欣克马尔之争的演讲的方法和结果。它将继续和完成的主教作为教会管辖权，行政和精神福利的最重要的权威，但也在政治上的根本贡献的其他例子，这将是系统的调查，并在一个专着提出。

The contribution provided by bishops of the earlier middle ages – i.e. before the age of renewal of scientifc jurisprudence in medieval Europe and the devolution of episcopal jurisdiction to the ecclesiastical courts of officialates in the second half of the 12th century – is very important for the development of canon law. Since the earliest times of the Church the transmission of law and justice is part of the central tasks of their official position and duty and can be reconstructed by a large number of written documents. Their origin can be attributed to the fact that bishops in their capacity as ecclesiastical judges and head of the diocesan administration could not draw on positive law enacted by an authority, but had to rely on canon law collections, created by private initiatives, finding solutions for the current judicial problems. Bishops did not only contribute to the creation of law by formulating and approving conciliar decrees but also by prescribing legal rules to the clergy and laity of their diocese, known as capitula episcoporum, and emerged as authors of canon law collections reacting in a comprehensive way to the needs of the practice and contributing thereby in large measure to the development of medieval canon law.Analyzing first the use of canon law in practice, appearing in letters and expert reports by bishops versed in law, giving advice to their colleagues and other clerics, kings and magnates, the ensuing project will also look for connections with existing or newly emerging canon law collections of that period. The research will be based on the methods and results of my two existing studies about three bishops of the 11th century in Northern France (Fulbert of Chartres, Gerard of Cambrai, Lambert of Arras) and my lecture about the dispute between the bishops Hinkmar of Rheims and Hinkmar of Laon. It will be continued and completed by other examples of the fundamental contribution of bishops as most important authorities of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, administration and spiritual welfare but also in politics, that will be investigated systematically and presented in a monograph.