Gaze control of sports playrs and the possibility of improvement by training

该项目主要研究体育运动员和普通人在转头向视觉目标扫视时的注视速度和注视精度的差异。首先，用不同的头部角速度测量9名被试的凝视速度，其中4名是需要快速准确控制凝视的各种运动的运动员，另外5名是普通人。(1)注视速度随着头部速度的增加而增加，证实了Guitton和Pelisson的报告。注视速度对头部速度的依赖是由于在注视扫视过程中VOR的增益降低。在凝视扫视期间测量VOR增益。在所有9名受试者中，观察到VOR增益降低，范围为0.4-0.7。观察到，当头部速度在超过100度/秒的范围内变化时，VOR增益的下降幅度大致相同。第二，被试在完全黑暗的环境中被动转动时对视觉目标的注视精度。受试者在黑暗中在椅子上旋转后，受试者被要求向左或向右旋转360度。受试者被要求注视最近的地标，这些地标在受试者周围每隔30度被放置一次。受试者在黑暗中注视的位置与头部转动的物理角度精确成正比。实验证明，大脑可以通过前庭信号了解头部旋转的物理角度，将前庭信号视为头部旋转的速度传感器。通过特殊的护目镜和持续的旋转刺激，人为地提高和降低VOR增益。头部旋转的感知角度依赖于人为操纵的VOR增益。因此，大脑有一个将半规管的头部速度信号转换为位置信号的积分器，并且该积分器的输入受到VOR的增益调整。

The project has focused on the differences between sports playrs and ordinary people of gaze velocity and gaze accuracy while he/she is making a saccade to a visual target with a head turning. First, gaze velocity was measured with various angular velocities of the head on 9 subjects, 4 of them are playrs of various sports in which quick and accurate gaze control is frequently required, while other 5 are ordinary people. (1) Gaze velocity proved to increase in accordance with the increase of head velocity, which confirmed Guitton's and Pelisson's reports. Dependency of the gaze velocity on the head velocity was attributed to the gain reduction of VOR during a gaze saccade was performed. VOR gain during a gaze saccade was measured. On all of the 9 subjects, VOR gain reduction was observed, which was ranging 0.4-0.7. VOR gain was observed to decrease to roughly the same extent as the head velocity varied in the range faster than 100 deg/sec.Second, accuracy of gaze to a visual target while the subject was passively turned in total darkness. Subjects were turned to the right or to the left up to 360 deg. They were asked to gaze at the nearest land mark, which was put surrounding the subject on every 30 deg. after they were rotated on the chair in the dark. The positions the subject looked at in the dark was accurately proportional to the physical angle of the head turning. It was proved that the brain can know the physical angle of head rotation through the vestibular signal, which is regarded as a velocity sensor of head rotation. VOR gain was artificially raised and lowered by means of special goggles and sustained rotatory stimulus. The perceived angle of head rotation was dependent on the VOR gain artificially manipulated. Thus, that the brain has an integrator which converts head velocity signal from the semicircular canal to position signal, and that the integrator input is subjected to the gain adjustment of VOR.