Volume 1: Craft Production in the Mongol Empire. Karakorum and its ArtisansVolume 2: A Layered History of Karakorum. Stratigraphy and Periodization in the City Center

本文涵盖了蒙古喀喇昆仑中部的考古遗迹。喀喇昆仑是13世纪和14世纪蒙古帝国的第一个都城。2000年至2005年，波恩大学在中央十字路口以南地区进行的挖掘，为使用铁、有色金属、贵金属、玻璃、矿石、骨头以及可能的桦树皮的作坊提供了证据。多达四米深的巨大占有层暗示着在挖掘区域使用的复杂时间序列。在这些遗骸的基础上，这项研究提出了这样一个问题：以手工业生产为重点的这座城市的经济是如何与蒙古帝国的政治精英交织在一起的。到目前为止，具体方面已在初步报告中公布，并以单一发现组目录的方式公布。到目前为止，还没有对这些讲习班的时间深度进行详细分析。然而，这样的分析对于评估这座城市在其鼎盛时期的功能和超区域地位具有内在的重要性。由于所涉及材料的数量，本论文将分两卷出版。第一卷《蒙古帝国的手工艺生产》。喀喇昆仑及其工匠“聚焦于手工艺生产的问题及其对蒙古精英的可能依赖。这项工作首次详细研究了今天蒙古地区一个时间跨度约200年的定居点的手工业作坊的发展情况。对表明手工艺生产及其分布以及用于手工艺的特征和装置的分布的发现的分析，使人们能够对城市历史有结构性的洞察，这远远超过我们已知的书面来源可以检测到的信息。生产组织的问题是在凯西·L·科斯廷的框架下，通过对文本来源的仔细考察来回答的。第二卷《喀喇昆仑分层史》。城市中心的地层学和分期“提供了波恩大学发掘期间记录的聚落层序列的时间系统。这一体系不仅是讨论讲习班(第1卷)的基础，而且也将是今后其他材料组工作的权威基础。在方法论方面，沉降层的相对年代系统取决于各层的沉积序列。这种相对的层次序列得到了认知序列的支持，认知序列来自于建筑结构的可行组合，即房间地面平面图的重建。树状年代学分析、放射性碳测年、硬币，以及1372年的日期印章，都被提供给相对系统的绝对测年。

The thesis covers the archaeological remains from the middle of Karakorum in Mongolia, the first capital of Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries. Excavations by Bonn Universität from 2000 to 2005 in an area south of the central crossroads brought evidence for workshops that used iron, non-ferrous metals, precious metals, glass, mineral stones, bones as well as possibly birch bark. Massive occupation layers of up to four meters depth hint to a complex temporal sequence of use in the excavated areas. On the basis of these remains, the study asks in which ways the economy of the city focused on the handicraft production was intertwined with the political elite of the Mongol world empire. Specific aspects have been hitherto published in preliminary reports and by way of catalogues of single find groups. A detailed analysis of these workshops in their temporal depth had been missing so far. Such an analysis, however, would be of immanent importance for the evaluation of the function and supra-regional standing of the city at its heyday. Due to the amount of covered materials, the thesis will be published in two volumes. The first volume „Craft Production in the Mongol Empire. Karakorum and its Artisans” focuses on the question of handicraft production and its possible dependence on Mongolian elites. For the first time, the present work contributes a detailed study on the development of handicraft workshops of a settlement site covering a temporal breadth of about 200 years for the area of modern-day Mongolia. The analysis of finds that indicate craft production and their distribution as well as the distribution of features and installations used for handicraft allow structural insights into the city history, which far exceed information detectable from written sources known to us. The question of the organization of production is answered based on the framework by Cathy L. Costin and through close examination of textual sources. The second volume “A Layered History of Karakorum. Stratigraphy and periodization in the city center“ presents a chronological system for the sequence of settlement layers as documented during the excavations of Bonn University. This system served not only as a basis for thediscussion of the workshops (volume 1) but will also be the authoritative foundation for future works on other material groups. In methodological terms, the relative chronological system of the settlement layers rests on the depositional sequence of layers. This relative sequence of layers is supported by a cognitive sequence that results from a feasible combination of building structures, a reconstruction of room ground plans. Dendrochronological analyses, radiocarbon dates, coins, as well as a dated seal of 1372 feed into the absolute dating of the relative system.