Metamemory Monitoring and Control in Schema-Based Source Monitoring

源监测（即，将记忆的信息归因于其来源的过程）是情景记忆的核心方面。在日常生活中，信息通常符合其来源的图式，从而导致对来源的期望。例如，进步的报纸是支持进步社会政策的文章的预期来源。这样的预期会影响来源记忆：对意外来源的记忆（如果纠正猜测偏差）比对预期来源的记忆（例如，Küppers & Bayen，2014）。然而，当人们不记得信息的来源时，他们倾向于猜测信息来自预期的来源（见Kuhlmann & Bayen的评论，2016）。这通常会导致正确的源属性，但也可能导致系统错误（即，假的来源）。元认知在源头监控中起着重要作用。尽管记忆对意外的来源更好，但人们持有强烈的，但错误的元记忆信念，即记忆对预期的来源更好（期望错觉; Schaper，Kuhlmann和Bayen，2019）。该项目的目标是通过纠正预期错觉来改善源记忆，从而改善元记忆监测（即，预测一个人自己的记忆）和元记忆控制（即，采取措施以实现期望的存储器水平）。预期错觉既源于错误的先验信念，也源于当信息源于预期来源时的高信息处理流畅性的体验（Schaper et al.，2019年）。因此，在一系列基于图式的源监控实验中，我们试图从两个方面提高元记忆监控。首先，我们希望通过直接操纵信念和提供测试反馈来纠正先验信念。其次，我们希望通过延迟元记忆判断和触发提取尝试来鼓励在元记忆判断中使用有效的经验线索。然后，我们将研究如何改善监控影响元记忆控制和源记忆。我们将通过分层多项式建模获得源存储器的无偏测量。期望错觉会导致糟糕的学习选择（例如，选择重新研究来自意外来源的信息）。改进的元记忆监测应该以更好的学习选择的形式导致改进的元记忆控制（例如，选择重新研究来自预期来源的信息）。这反过来又会提高对预期来源的记忆。本研究结果将为元记忆监控和元记忆控制提供新的理论视角。此外，它们将对改善源记忆具有实际意义。

Source monitoring (i.e., the processes involved in attributing remembered information to its source), is a core aspect of episodic remembering. In daily life, information usually fits the schema of its source, resulting in expectations about sources. For example, progressive newspapers are an expected source of articles favoring progressive social policies. Such expectations affect source memory: Memory for unexpected sources (if corrected for guessing bias) is better than memory for expected sources (e.g., Küppers & Bayen, 2014). However, when people do not remember the source of information, they tend to guess that the information originated from an expected source (see review by Kuhlmann & Bayen, 2016). This often results in correct source attributions, but can also lead to systematic errors (i.e., false attributions to an expected source). Metacognition plays an important role in source monitoring. Even though memory is better for unexpected sources, people hold the strong, yet false metamemory conviction that memory is better for expected sources (expectancy illusion; Schaper, Kuhlmann, & Bayen, 2019). The goal of the proposed project is to improve source memory by correcting the expectancy illusion, thus improving metamemory monitoring (i.e., predicting one’s own memory) and metamemory control (i.e., taking measures to achieve a desired level of memory). The expectancy illusion results both from false a priori beliefs and from an experience of high information-processing fluency when information stems from an expected source (Schaper et al., 2019). In a series of schema-based source-monitoring experiments, we therefore seek to improve metamemory monitoring in two ways. First, we want to correct a priori beliefs by directly manipulating beliefs and by providing test feedback. Second, we want to encourage the use of valid experiential cues in metamemory judgments by delaying metamemory judgments and by triggering retrieval attempts. Then, we will study how improved monitoring influences metamemory control and source memory. We will obtain bias-free measures of source memory via hierarchical multinomial modeling. The expectancy illusion should result in poor study choices (e.g., choosing to re-study information from unexpected sources). Improved metamemory monitoring should lead to improved metamemory control in the form of better study choices (e.g., choosing to re-study information from expected sources). This should in turn improve memory for expected sources. The results will provide new theoretical insight into metamemory monitoring and metamemory control of source memory. Further, they will have practical implications for improving source memory.