Analysis of the mechanisms of cell motility using living cells and cell-free systems.

1.保持细胞器在细胞外活动的实验系统。用石蜡油分离非洲爪哇卵透明带细胞质，并将其作为保持活细胞细胞器活性的介质。并尝试利用鱼卵晶状体细胞的细胞质来实现这一目的。有丝分裂装置及其机械特性的显微操作。用显微操作法分析了海胆卵中有丝分裂器的变形和切断对染色体运动的影响。结果表明，后期染色体运动的动力位于运动染色体或其附近。有丝分裂器力学性能的测量表明，纺锤体的赤道区比纺锤体的其余区域更脆弱。主轴双折射的定量测量。开发了一种新的方法来测量具有非均匀双折射的显微区域内的总双折射，并将其应用于测量正常和Colcemid处理的海胆卵的纺锤体的双折射。细胞质机械性能的测量。在离心机显微镜下，观察到海胆和海星卵在离心力作用下胞质内金粒、油滴或细胞核的运动。发现细胞骨架在细胞质中的分布和性质。与颗粒的运动等密切相关。通过在有丝分裂的不同阶段通过离心法移动细胞中的有丝分裂器，分析了卵裂沟的位置与有丝分裂器位置之间的因果关系。钙离子在细胞活动中的作用。通过测量Aequorin负载细胞的发光，确定了鱼卵受精过程中细胞内钙离子浓度的时空变化、黏菌的原生质流和阿米巴的运动。

1. Experimental systems for keeping organelle activities outside the cell. Cytoplasm at the clear zone of centrifuged xenopus eggs was isolated in paraffin oil and used it as a medium for keeping activities of organelles isolated from living cells. Cytoplasm of lens cells of fish eggs was tried to use for the same purpose.2. Micromanipulation of the mitotic apparatus and its mechanical properties. Effects of deforming and severing the mitotic apparatus on the chromosome movement in sea urchin eggs were analyzed by micromanipulation. The results suggested that the motive force for anaphase chromosome movement is located at or near the moving chromosomes. The measuement of mechanical properties of the mitotic apparatus revealed that the equatorial region of the spindle is more fragile than the remaining regicons of the spindle.3. Quantitative measurement of the spindle birefringence. A novel method was developed to measure total birefringence within a microscopic area having heterogeneous birefringence, and it was applied to measure the birefringence of the spindles in normal and Colcemid-treated sea urchin eggs.4. Measurement of mechanical properties of the cytoplasm. Movements of gold particles, oil droplets or the nucleus in the cytoplasm by centrifugal force were observed in sea urchin and starfish eggs with a centrifuge microscope. It was found that the distribution and nature of the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm. are closely related to the movement of the particles etc. Causal relations betweenthe position of the cleavage furrow and that of the mitotic apparatus were analyzed by moving the mitotic apparatus in the cell by centrifugation at various stages of mitosis.5. Roles of calcium ions during cellular activity. Spatial and temporal changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration during fertilization in fish eggs, protoplasmic streaming of slime mold and movement of amoebae were determined by measuring the luminescence of aequorin-loaded cells.