A Study on the Origin and Lineage of Cattle and Horses viewed from the Bones Excavated at Ancient Sites in Japan.--- A Comparison with the Japanese Native Breeds ---

为了弄清日本牛和马的起源和谱系，对考古遗址的遗骸进行了调查，并通过形态测量方法对古代牛和马的骨骼与当地品种的骨骼进行了比较。主要研究结果如下：1.在日本，出土过骨骼和牙齿的遗址有177处（牛）和379处（马），共计556处，年代主要从坟堆时代到中世纪。他们中的许多人在东京、神奈川、福冈、大坂和千叶。对三岛牛（公2母2）、久之岛牛（公3代，7代）和现代日本黑牛（公10代，20代）的头骨和肢骨进行了测量，根据测量结果和主成分分析，发现久之岛牛最小.根据主成分分析结果，对土加拉马（5代，8代）、三崎马（5代，8代，10 ...更多信息 结果表明：（1）现代纯种马（m.9，f.13，f.10）、木曾马（m.1，f.10，f.5）在体型上有明显的差异。此外，还根据牛、马的骨骼长、宽、径，建立了马肩隆高的估测公式.从藤原京、平安京、柿原贝冢等20多个遗址出土的牛骨，都比日本黑牛小，但与当地人的大小相当。从藤原京、平安京、千叶东等地出土的马骨，大部分被认为是与美崎马一样的中型马骨。在后来的土墩时代，泥塑的雕马和八作马的形象主要在关东地区出土，而在日本西部地区则很少。多巴，应该是用于宗教服务，已在许多情况下挖掘出的土丘建于奈良和平安时代，他们发现几乎在日本各地。6.根据上述结果，牛和马传入日本的时间可以估计为弥生时代至古冢时代，但对日本各地出土物品的进一步研究还有待推进。少

In order to clarify the origin and lineage of cattle and horses in Japan, the remains from archaeological sites were investigated, and the bones of anciant cattle and horses were compared with those of native breeds by morphometric methods. The results are summarized as follows:1. The number of sites in Japan where bones and teeth has been excavated amounts to 177(cattle) and 379(horse), totally 556, and the dates largely goes from the burial mound era to the middle ages. many of them are found in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Fukuoka, Osaka and Chiba.2. The skulls and limb-bones of such native cattle as mishima cattle(male 2, female 2), Kuchinoshima cattle(m.3,f.7) and modern Japanese Black cattle(m.10,f.20) were measured, and, judging from the results of measurements and principal component analysis, it was found that Kuchinoshima cattle is the smallest.3. According to the principal component analysis the skulls and limb-bones of such native horses as Tokara (pony) horse(m.5,f.8), Misaki horse(m. … More 9,f.13), Kiso horse(m.1,f.10) and modern thoroughbred(m.5,f.5) were clealy separated in size. In addition, the estimated formulas of withers height were made from the length, breadth and diameter of bones in cattle and horses.4. All the cattle bones which has been excavated from over 20 sites such as Fujiwara-kyo, Heian-kyo and Kakiwara shell-mound are smaller than Japanese Black cattle but are of the same size with the native. most of the horse bones excavated from Fujuwara-kyo, Heian-kyo, and Chibachihigashi sites etc. were considered to belong to those of medium-sized as the Misaki horse.5. In later burial mound era, clay images of horse decorated with Gyoyo and Bataku has been excavated mostly in Kanto district but rarely in the west part of Japan. Doba, supposed to be used in religious service, has been excavated in many instances from the mounds built in Nara and Heian Era and they were found in almost all over Japan.6. From the result mentioned above, the date of the introduction of cattle and horse into Japan could be estimated from Yayoi to Anciant Burial Mound Era, but further examination of excavated articles in various parts of japan must be promoted. Less