A Study on the Time and Route the Introduction of Cattle and Horses into Japan, as Examined from Skeletal Remains of Archaeological Sites.

为了阐明牛马传入我国的时间和路线，对全国各地考古遗址出土的牛马遗骸进行了调查，并对出土的牛马骨骼和牙齿进行了宏观和形态计量学的比较研究。主要研究结果如下：1）根据道县、道县、府县、县的报告，结合考古文献和实地调查，对该地区的考古发掘进行了调查。在全国范围内的213个地点发现了牛的挖掘，其中九州和关东地区占主导地位，在475个地点发现了马的挖掘，其中占主导地位。从年代上看，牛和马的发掘大多发生在中世纪，其次是平安、古坟和奈良时期。虽然在弥生时代之前就有发掘的报道，但从东京都的伊佐拉戈贝壳丘（弥生中期）出土的牛头骨是迄今为止最古老的。 ...更多信息 从形态学上看，出土的牛骨与三岛和久之岛的相似，马骨与美崎和托卡拉的相似（马肩隆高度以128厘米为主，属于中等规模）。3）古坟时代的集中调查，在全国1,265个遗址和地区发现，大部分在九州地区（368个），其次是关东、近畿和中国区。从年代上看，马具在4世纪和5世纪初作为陪葬品出现在古坟，在世纪开始广泛分布，但在7世纪随着古坟的减少而在挖掘中明显减少。4）全国范围内有297个地点出现了马泥像，其中关东地区占绝对优势（170个遗址），其次是近畿和九州地区，按时间顺序，大约从世纪末开始出现，在6世纪世纪最具可塑性。作为纪念品的泥马，最多是在奈良、平安时代（全国589处遗址中的328处），特别是平安京、平安京等古代城市出土的。上述调查结果表明，牛和马从弥生时代起经由朝鲜半岛传入日本，并由当时的人饲养。少

With the view of elucidating the time and the route of the introduction of cattle and horses into our country, their remains excavated from the archaeological sites were investigated nation-widely and their excavated bones and teeth were macroscopically and morphometrically examined comparatively with native cattle and horses. The results obtained were as follows :1) Excavational investigations have been made according to the reports from To, Do, Fu and Prefectures, archaeological literatures and field surveys. Bovine excavation detected at 213 nation-wide sites with a predominance of the Kyushu and Kanto districts, and equine excavation, at 475 sites with similar predominance. Chronologically, both bovine and equine excavations occurred most from the medieval ages, followed by Heian, Kofun and Nara Periods. Although excavations prior to the Yayoi Period have been reported, the bovine skull excavated from the Isarago Shell Mound (Mid-Yayoi Period) in Tokyo-To has been oldest so far.2) … More Morphologically, excavated bones were similar to Mishima's and Kuchinoshima's for cattle and to Misaki's and Tokara's for horses (predominantly of 128cm in withers height and belonging to medium-sized ones).3) Harness excavations, which have been investigated centrally into the Kofun Period, detected at 1,265 nation-wide sites, and regionally, most from the Kyushu district (368 sites), followed by the Kanto, Kinki and Chugoku districts. Chronologically, harness appeared as sub-burial goods in the Kofun at the beginning of the 4th and 5th centuries and was widely distributed in the 5th century, but was markedly decreased in excavation with a decrease in the Kofun in the 7th century.4) Excavations of equine clay image occurred at 297 nation-wide sites with overwhelming predominance of the Kanto district (170 sites), followed by the Kinki and Kyushu districts, and chronologically, appeared from about the end of the 5th century and were plastically most substantial in the 6th century. Clay horses regarded as available for one's memory were excavated most from the Nara and Heian Periods (328 of 589 nation-wide sites) and especially, frequently from ancient cities such as Heijokyo and Heiankyo.The above results of investigation suggest that cattle and horses had been introduced into Japan via the Korean Peninsula from the Yayoi Period on and bred by the then people. Less