Travel support for two observers to conduct astronomical observations at the LBT during November 2019

A)由于有许多大质量恒星，未演化的星系应该具有低质量、低金属度和强而硬的辐射场。因此，它们应该发出强烈的紫外线连续谱和极强的发射线。在高红移的情况下，这些矮小星系极难研究，因此我们需要好的替代物来更详细地观察相关的过程。这样的极端发射线星系和极蓝星系即使在低红移的情况下也存在，并容易出现He II发射线，这需要非常大质量、低金属丰度、旋转的恒星所提供的硬辐射场。Z~7星系中星云CIII和CIV发射线的发现进一步强调了产生这些发射线所需的硬辐射场的性质问题。由于不仅非常大质量、低金属丰度的恒星，而且大质量的X射线双星、吸积的超大质量黑洞，甚至冲击波都可能是硬连续谱光子的来源，因此定义一组非常局部的代理是必要的，其中空间分辨率和灵敏度允许详细研究气体和单独的电离源。另一类令人感兴趣的极端发射线星系是绿豌豆，这是一种发射线星系，具有非常强的[OIII]线。这些星系似乎为莱曼连续辐射的逃逸提供了良好的条件。我们在LBT的三个观测项目中研究了高红移(原)星系的所有三类有希望的替代物。B)盘状星系中的外流和扩散电离气体晕的电离过程仍然是一个谜。虽然与恒星形成活动的联系似乎已经建立得很好(但还没有完全理解)，但观测到的电离气体的电离机制仍然不清楚：虽然光致电离肯定起到了作用，但观测到的谱线比率及其与圆盘距离的变化需要光子场的变化和另外一个目前未知的加热机制的存在。C)斯皮策和赫歇尔揭示了银河系中的一些小气泡。在一些情况下，可以获取表观中心恒星的光谱，令人惊讶的是，这些恒星往往被证明是演化的大质量恒星(Wolf-Rayet恒星，发光蓝变星的候选者，以及OB超巨星)。我们利用LUCI近红外光谱对气泡及其中心恒星进行目标定位，以更公正的方式对气泡的高吸收部分进行分类，并研究它们的演化状态及其中心恒星。

A) Unevolved galaxies should have low-masses, low-metallicities, and a strong, hard radiation fields due to many massive stars. Therefore, they should emit strong UV continuum and extremely strong emission lines. At high redshifts these dwarfish galaxies are extremely hard to study, so we need good proxies for a more detailed looks at the involved processes. Such extreme emission line galaxies and extremely blue galaxies exist even at low redhift and are prone to show lines He II emission, requiring a hard radiation fields as could be provided by very massive, low metallicity, rotating stars. The discovery of nebular CIII] and CIV emission lines in z~7 galaxies further emphasized the question for the nature of the hard radiation field needed for this emission lines to occur. Since not only very massive, low metallicity stars, but also massive X-ray binaries, accreting supermassive black hole, and even shocks may be possible sources of the hard continuum photons, the definition of a set of very local proxies is imperative, where spatial resolution and sensitivity allow a detailed study of the gas and individual ionization sources. Another intriguing class of extreme emission line galaxies are green peas, emission line galaxies with extremely strong [OIII] lines. These galaxies appear to provide good conditions for the escape of Lyman continuum radiation. We study all 3 classes of promising proxies for high redshift (proto-)galaxies in 3 observing programs at the LBT. B) The ionization process of outflows and diffuse ionized gas halos in disk galaxies is still a puzzle. While a connection to star formation activity seems to be well established (but not fully understood), the ionization mechanism of the observed ionized gas is still unclear: while photo-ionization certainly contributes, the observed line ratios and their change with distance from the disk require changes in the photon field and the presence of an additional currently unknown heating mechanism. C) Spitzer and also HERSCHEL revealed a number of small bubbles in the Milky Way. In a couple of cases, it was possible to take optical spectra of the apparent central stars, which surprisingly often turned out to be evolved massive stars (Wolf-Rayet stars, candidates for Luminous Blue Variables, and OB supergiants). We target the bubbles and their central stars with LUCI NIR spectroscopy to classify the highly absorbed part of the bubbles and investigate their evolutionary state and their central stars in a more unbiased way.